Wild Bitter Melon Extract Regulates LPS-Induced Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation, Inflammation, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Ferroptosis

Figure 1

WM treatment induced ROS production and decreased cell viability. (a) Cells treated with (WM+) or without (WM−) 20 µg/ml WM for 24 h. The levels of intracellular ROS were determined using DCF-DA, and fluorescence was detected using FACS Calibur analysis. Control samples refer to cells without DCF-DA. (b) ROS levels are expressed as the mean fluorescence intensity. (c) Cells treated with either the vehicle (0 µg/ml WM) or WM (20 µg/ml) for 24 h. After the incubation period, cell viability was determined using WST-1 assay. All data are presented as the mean ± SD. , , n = 3.

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