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Herbs/decoction | Source/component | Model | Microbial target | Microbial metabolite | Related mechanism | Ref. |
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Water-insoluble polysaccharide | Poria cocos | ob/ob mice | ↑ Lachnospiraceae, Clostridium, Bacteroidetes, Alloprevotella, Parabacteroides, Clostridium IV, Ruminococcus, Bacteroides; ↓Megamonas, Proteus | ↑SCFAs, butyrate | Regulate lipid and glucose metabolism | Sun et al. [72] |
Qushi huayu decoction | Artemisiae scopariae herba, Polygoni cuspidati rhizome et radix, Curcumae longae rhizome | High-fat diet | ↑Clostridium XIV a, Clostridium IV Odoribacter; ↓Rikenella, Tyzzerella, Intestinibacter, Romboutsia, Lachnospiraceae | ↓LPS | Inhibit LPS gut-leakage, downregulate intestinal MAPK pathway | Leng et al. [73] |
Polyphenol-rich loquat fruit extract | Loquat fruit | High-fructose diet | ↑Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria; ↓Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio | None | Reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, decrease lipid metabolism disorders | Li et al. [76] |
Artesunate | Artemisia annua | CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis | ↑Lactobacillus, Eubacterium | None | Reduce injury to intestinal mucosa, decrease translocated bacteria | Chen et al. [77] |
Shenling Baizhu powder | Ginseng radix et rhizoma, Poria, Atractylodis macrocephalae rhizoma, Dioscoreae rhizoma, Lablab semen album, Nelumbinis semen, Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma praeparata cum melle, Coicis semen, Platycodonis radix, Amomi fructus | HFD-induced NAFLD | ↑Bifidobacteria, Anaerobe | ↑SCFAs, ↓LPS | Inhibit TLR4/MYD88 pathway | Zhang et al. [78] |
Sanwei ganjiang powder | Zingiberis rhizoma, Alpinia katsumadai, Myristica fragrans houtt | CCl4-induced chronic liver failure | ↑Firmicutes, Lactobacillus; ↓Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Coprococcus, Ruminococcus, Sutterella | ↑CYP7A1, NTCP, Mrp2, BESP | Regulate bile acid metabolism, increased the expression of Nrf2, decrease inflammatory response | Li et al. [79] |
Rhubarb extract | Rheum palmatum | Mouse model of binge drinking | ↑Parabacteroides goldsteinii; ↓Lachnospiraceae, Prevotellaceae, Akkermansia, | ↓LPS | Improve gut barrier function, relieve oxidative stress and inflammation, inhibit TLR4 and NADPH oxidase | Neyrinck et al. [80] |
Sijunzi decoction | Panax ginseng, Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz, the sclerotium of the fungus, Poria cocos, Glycyrrhiza uralensis fisch | In vitro | ↑Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Sutterella; ↓Paraprevotella, Bacteroides, Streptococcus, Clostridium, Ruminococcus, Butyricimonas, | ↑acetic acid, total acid ↓propionic acid, butyric acid | Immunomodulatory function | Gao et al. [81] |
Resistant starch | Purple yam | High-fat diet | ↑Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, Coprococcus, Allobaculum; ↓Parabacteroides, Dorea | None | Ameliorate lipid metabolism | Li et al. [82] |
Ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum (GL95) | G. lucidum | High-fat diet | ↑Alistipes, Peptococcaceae, Defluviitalea and Alloprevotella; ↓Phascolarctobacterium, Clostridium XVIII | ↑Bile acid, SCFAs, HMGCR, CYP7A1, PPARα, ApoB; ↓FAS, ACAT2, SREBP-1C, HMGCR | Improve lipid metabolism | Guo et al. [83] |
Ursolic acid | Natural pentacyclic triterpenoid compound derived from Chinese medicine plants | CCl4-induced liver fibrosis | ↑Firmicutes, Bacteroidales, and Lachnospiraceae ↓Verrucomicrobia | None | Inhibit the NOX4/ROS and RhoA/ROCK1 signalling pathways, reverses liver damage and fibrosis | Wan et al. [84] |
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