|
S/N | Part used | Extract type | Type of assay | Concentrations tested | Pharmacological activity | Country of study | Reference |
|
1 | Fruit | Decoction, crude ethanolic, aqueous and fractions (hexane, and ethyl acetate) | In vitro (purgative test) | 5000, 10000, 20000 ppm | Anthelmintic | Philippines | [13] |
In vitro (TLC) | NS | Antioxidant |
In vitro (BSLT) | 10, 100, 1000 ppm | Extract showed LC50 lower than 1000 indicating bioactivity and toxicity to the cells |
|
2 | Fruit | Ethanol (crude), decoctions and fractions (aqueous, ethyl acetate, hexane) | In vitro (α-amylase assay) | 100, 1000, 10000 ppm | Hexane fraction exhibited inhibition above average (55%) at the highest concentration, while other (extracts aqueous and ethanol) at 10000 ppm showed moderate antidiabetic effect. | Philippines | [46] |
In vivo (alloxan –induced diabetic mice) | 5000, 10000 ppm | Similar trend of the extracts (hexane, ethanol and aqueous) reduces the diabetic blood glucose level of the Mus musculus indicating an hypoglycemic potential |
|
3 | Leaves | Ethanol | In vivo (alloxan –induced diabetic mice) | 2500, 5000, 10000 ppm | Antidiabetic effect by reducing the blood glucose level of the diabetes mice toward control | Philippines | [37] |
Fruit | Fresh and boiled (decoction) | In vivo (alloxan –induced diabetic mice) | NS | Lowers the blood glucose level of the diabetic mice comparable to that of the control (metformin) indicating hypoglycemic effect | Philippines | [47] |
|
4 | Leaves and stem bark | Ethanol (crude) and fractions | In vitro (DPPH, FRP, TAC) | 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200 μg/mL | Scavenges the activities of the tested radicals indicating antioxidative effect | Bangladesh | [40] |
|
5 | Leaves, bark and fruits | Ethanol (100, 50%), aqueous | In vitro (DPPH) | 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, 500 μg/mL | Leaves (particularly 100% ethanol) and bark established good antioxidant activities (IC50 within the tested concentrations) | Malaysia | [10] |
In vitro (BSLT and ASLA) | 1.953, 3.907, 7.813, 15.625, 31.25, 62.50, 125, 250, 500, 1000 μg/mL | All parts (leaves > bark > fruits) of the plant extracted with three types of solvents are bioactive and cytotoxic (exhibited LC50 lower than 1000) |
|
6 | Leaves and bark | Ethanol (crude) and fractions (chloroform, pet. Ether) | In vivo (HRBC membrane stabilization method) | 100 and 1000 µg/mL | At the highest concentration of 1.0 mg/mL, the crude ethanol extract of leaves and bark produced 53.86 and 61.85 inhibition of RBC hemolysis better than the fractions suggestive of good anti-inflammatory effect | Bangladesh | [48] |
In vitro (disc diffusion method) | 100 and 200 µg/disc | Excellent antibacterial effect (particularly from the chloroform fraction) |
|
7 | Leaves | Ethanol, chloroform, CCl4, petroleum ether | In vitro (agar-cup method and macro-dilution broth technique) | 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 g/mL | Ethanol was most active against 5 of the bacteria strains and also revealed the lowest MIC (2.5 mg/mL) and MBC (4.5 mg/mL) against B. cereus revealing the antibacterial activity of the plant | Bangladesh | [7] |
|
8 | Leaves (latex) | Ethanol | In vitro (agar diffusion method) | NS | Active against E. coli indicating its antibacterial activity | Peru | [5] |
|
9 | Fruit | NS | In vitro (disc test) | 0.165, 0.078, 0.313, 0.625, 1.250, 2.50, 5.00, 10.00 mg/mL | The extract inhibited the growth of the bacterium strain (Vibrio harveyi) at higher concentrations (0.313–10.00) suggesting that the MIC is 0.313 mg/mL, thus indicative of antibacterial activity | Indonesia | [49] |
Methanol (crude) and fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate) | In vitro (agar diffusion) | 10.00 mg/mL | Methanol was most active against Vibrio harveyi with 17.29 mm inhibition zone | Indonesia | [34] |
|
10 | Fruit | Ethanol | In vivo (acute toxicity evaluation) | OECD 425 protocol | Safe at 2000 mg/kg bodyweight | India | [51] |
In vitro | 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg | At 400 mg/kg body weight, it neutralized lethality induced by 2LD50 and 3LD50 of the venom (in-vivo neutralization) while neutrality was achieved at 200 and 400 mg/kg (in vitro). Haemorrhage produced by venom (in rats) was inhibited at 200 mg/kg indicating better antivenom activity |
|
11 | Leaves | Ethanol, ethyl acetate | In vivo (Excisional wound) | NS | Extracts enhances the rate of healing. On the 9th day, a 50 and 65% healing with ethanol and ethyl acetate respectively achieved. This was improved by the 15th day with both extracts achieving 100% healing indicating good wound-healing capability | Indonesia | [9] |
|
12 | Stem bark, leaves | Aqueous, ethanol | In vitro ((L-J) medium and Middlebrook 7H9 broth in BacT/ALERT 3D system) | 2%, 4% v/v | While all the extracts were able to inhibit the different strains of M. tuberculosis with percentage inhibition above 50%, the aqueous stem bark was reported to have the most effective anti-tubercular potential | India | [50] |
|
13 | Leaves | Methanol (crude) and fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol) | In vitro (DPPH, FRAP methods) | 15.625, 31.25, 62.50, 125, 250, 500 µg/mL | The extracts revealed strong antioxidant activity with EC50 within the tested concentration except hexane fraction | Nigeria | [8] |
In vivo (CAT, SOD, LPO) | 200 and 400 mg/kg | At both concentrations, the extracts dose-dependently reversed the activities of the enzymes to normal. Additionally, at the highest concentration of 400 mg/kg, the extracts reduced the increased level of malondialdehyde (brought about by induced oxidative stress) to normal. The reduction is comparable to the control |
In vivo (acute toxicity test) | 2000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight | No signs of toxicity in the animals at the tested concentrations, indicating the LD50 is above 5000 mg/kg, hence safe |
|
14 | Leaves | Methanol | In vitro (DPPH and ABTS) | 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, 243 µg/mL | Showed good antioxidant capacity with an IC50 of 34.01 (DPPH) and 3.80 µg/mL (ABTS). The activity is attributed to inherent phenolics | Brazil | [1] |
|
15 | Fruit | Ethanol (33%) | In vitro (AIT and LPT test) | 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 10.0% w/v | The extract caused an 100% mortality of Rhipicephalus microplus at the highest concentration of 10% w/v after 24 hr depicting an LC50 of 5.9% and LC95 between 5.6 and 6.2% indicative of its acaricidal effect | Brazil | [29] |
|
16 | Leaves | Ethanol | In vitro (SH-SY5Y cell induced by MPTP on MTT SRB test) | 10, 20, 40, 80, 160m and 320 µg/mL | The extract depicted an IC50 of 159.29 µg/mL (MTT) and 162.5 µg/mL with Trypan blue exclusion assay thus afforded a good cytotoxic and neuroprotection | India | [52] |
|
17 | Fruit | Methanol | In vitro (CAM assay) | 0.12, 0.24, 0.35, and 0.47 g/mL | The extracts at all concentrations were able to reduce significantly CAM vasculature though the effect was more pronounced at 0.35 and 0.47 concentrations, thus indicative of the antiangiogenic effect. | Philippines | [53] |
|
18 | Fruit | | In vitro (purgative assay) | | | Philippines | [13] |
|
19 | Stembark | Ethanol (70%) | In vitro (HRBC membrane stabilization method) | 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000 µg/mL | Activity better than diclofenac exhibiting an in IC50 value of 5.62 µg/mL reflecting commendable anti-inflammatory activity | Ghana | [54] |
In vivo (carrageenan induction on chicks) | 10, 30, 100, 300 mg/kg bodyweight | Revealed an EC50 value of 23.30 mg/kg b.w. Indicating good anti-inflammatory potentials |
|