Research Progress on the Antiosteoarthritic Mechanism of Action of Natural Products

Table 5

Natural products of alkaloids with antiosteoarthritis function.

Compound	Source	Cell/animal model	Effect	Ref
Sinomenine	Sinomenium acutum	Chondrocytes of C57BL/6 mice induced by IL-6 and IL-1 β	Downregulate gene expression of iNOS, COX-2, NO, PGE2, TNF -α, activate the nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways, and inhibit NF-κB activity	[39]
Nicotine	Nicotiana tabacum, Solanum lycopersicum, Lycium	Chondrocytes of OA patients/a7-nAChR mice induced by MIA/RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS/chondrocytes of male SD rats induced by IL-1β	Downregulate gene expression of IL-6 and IL-1β, downregulate the expression of MMP-9, and increase the protein level of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL	[41,61,92]
Ligustrazine	Rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong	Human OA chondrocytes	Increase SOD level, decrease ROS production and decrease MDA level, increase SOD level, decrease ROS production and decrease MDA level, increase SOX9 expression, and block NF-κB pathway	[57]
Berberine	Rhizoma coptidis	Chondrocytes of male SD rats induced by IL-1β/male SD rats induced by ACLT and MMxs	Downregulate expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, and ADAMTS-5, increase S phase cells, decrease G0/G1 phase cells, upregulate β-catenin and cyclin D1, and downregulate GSK-3 β	[62,91]

ACLT: anterior cruciate ligament; MMxs, resection of medial menisci.