Botanical, Traditional Use, Phytochemical, and Toxicological of Arisaematis rhizoma

Table 12

Pharmacological effects of Arisaematis rhizoma.

Pharmacological action	Details	Result	In vitro/in vivo	Ref.
Anti-tumor activity	The anti-tumor activity of ethanol extract of AR was determined by inoculating tumor cells in mouse armpit	10 g/L and 5 g/L groups had significant effects on the proliferation of mouse spleen cells	In vitro	[61]
	A mouse model of subcutaneous transplantation of H22 liver cancer was established	Intragastric administration of 100 g/L AR could slow down the growth of the tumor, and the inhibition rate was 34.7%	In vivo	[61]
	To observe the effect of Arisaematis extract on human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells	4.8 mg/mL could induce SMMC-7721 cell apoptosis	In vitro	[63]
	To investigate the inhibitory effect of alcohol extract and water extract of AR on the growth of S180 sarcoma in mice	The anti-tumor rates of ethanol extract and water extract in high, medium, and low dose groups were 35.5%, 40.4%, 25.5%, 35.75%, 40.6%, and 24.3%	In vitro	[73]
	To observe the anti-tumor effect of polysaccharide from AR in vitro	IC50 = 8.625 mgmL^−1	In vitro	[65]
	The effect of AR polysaccharides on the proliferation of human renal cell line GRC-1	Compared with the blank group, ARPS significantly inhibited the proliferation of GRC-1 cells at 20–200 mgL^−1		[67]
	MTT method was used to determine the inhibitory rate of alcohol extract and water extract of AR on proliferation of human lung cancer A549 cells	IC50 = 64.46 μg/mL; IC50 = 133.5 μg/mL	In vitro	[71]
	To explore the effect of water extract of AR on the expression of PKM2 and mTOR in gastric cancer cells of rats	The levels of motilin and gastrin in the high concentration group were 137.65 pg/mL and 88.76 pg/mL, and the apoptosis rate was 49.73%	In vitro	[72]
	MTT method was used to determine the inhibitory effect of alcohol extract of AR on human K562 cells	The results showed that the ethanol extract could significantly inhibit the proliferation of human K562 cell line, IC50 = 65.07 μg·mL^−1	In vitro	[75]
	Human erythroleukemia cell line K562, human gastric cancer cell line BGC823, and human cervical cancer cell line HeLa were used to determine the inhibitory effect of alcohol extract and water extract of AR on tumor cells in vitro	The IC50 of ethanol extract was 65.07 μg/mL, 0.59 mg/mL, and 5.11 mg/mL, respectively; the IC50 of water extract was 0.24 mg/mL, 0.78 mg/mL, and 82.17 mg/mL, respectively	In vitro	[76]
	To observe the anti-tumor effect of water extract of AR on transplanted tumor H22 in mice	The tumor inhibition rate of high dose group was 38.9%	In vitro	[47]
Anti-convulsant effect	The anti-convulsant effect of water extract of AR (1 mL/20g) was studied by subcutaneous injection of strychnine, caffeine, and pentamethylenetetrazol in mice	The water extract of AR has an anti-convulsant effect	In vivo	[48]
	To study the anti-convulsant effect of AR at different temperatures (30°C, 70°C, and 100°C)	The convulsion rate of strychnine was inhibited by intraperitoneal injection of a cold extract of AR (10 g/kg at 30°C)	In vivo	[50]
	The anti-convulsant effect of AR against pentylene tetra plastic convulsion was measured by a convulsion analyzer	After administration of AR, it increased 119 ± 22 μA, and the effect lasted for 7 days	In vivo	[51]
	To investigate the effects of different bile processed AR on spontaneous activity, sleep time, and convulsion induced by pentylenetetrazol in mice	AR can reduce the convulsion rate caused by pentylenetetrazol	In vivo	[53]
	To study the anti-convulsant effect of supercritical CO2 ethanol extract from AR	Dose-dependent antagonism of maximal electric shock convulsion in mice	In vivo	[46]
Sedative effect	Rats and rabbits were intraperitoneally injected with AR decoction (crude drug of AR 10.5 g/kg)	Prolonging the sleeping time of barbital sodium in mice	In vivo	[49]
	The sedative effect was compared by spontaneous activity test in mice	The results showed that AR could reduce the spontaneous activity of mice	In vivo	[54]
Analgesic effect	The analgesic effect of AR was observed by hot plate test and acetic acid writhing test in mice	It can significantly reduce the number of writhing reactions induced by acetic acid in mice and play an analgesic role	In vivo	[54]
	To explore the effect of crude AR and processed products on ICR mice	The water extract of Rhizoma AR can obviously improve the analgesic effect in mice	In vivo	[60]
	Analgesic effect of AR flavonoids on Walker256 bone cancer pain in rats	Total flavonoids of Rhizoma Arisaematis nanogel may have an analgesic effect in the development of bone cancer	In vivo	[15]
Anti-inflammatory effect	To observe the anti-inflammatory effect of extract of AR on different inflammatory models	The extract of AR can obviously inhibit the auricle swelling of mice induced by xylene	In vivo	[56]
	To investigate the effect of AR on IL-1 and synovium of knee osteoarthritis in rabbits	A high dose of AR can reduce the content of IL-1 in synovial fluid and synovial inflammation in rabbits with knee osteoarthritis	In vivo	[58]
Other pharmacological effects	The experiment was carried out by phenol red excretion method in mice	The water extract of AR (19 g/kg) has an expectorant effect	In vivo	[48]
	The 60% ethanol extract of A. parachinensis and AR were observed	AR (1.4 g crude drug/kg) can delay arrhythmia	In vivo	[78]
	Treatment of Oncomelania hupensis with needle crystal of calcium oxalate in AR	The needle crystal of calcium oxalate has a lethal effect on Oncomelania hupensis	In vitro	[78]
	The sensitivity of alcohol extract of AR to Gram-negative bacteria was studied	The alcohol extract of Rhizoma AR had an inhibitory effect on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria		[79]
	The melanin of B16-F1 cells was treated with the extract of AR	Schaftoside can inhibit the production of melanin and play a whitening role	In vitro	[80]