|
| Herbal product | Effect (experimental model) | Molecular mechanism |
|
| Jianpi Qingchang decoction [60] | Regulation of intestinal motility of DSS-induced colitis (in vivo) | IL-10, IFN-γ, c-kit mRNA ↑↑
TNF-α, IL-1, LC3-II, Beclin-1, NF-κB p65 mRNA β ↓↓ |
| Banhasasim-Tang [53, 54] | Tempering of loperamide-induced functional dyspepsia (in vivo) | C-kit, nNOS, 5HT4R, ANO1, RYR3 and smMLCK gene ↑↑ |
| Improvement of gastric motility in rats with diabetes mellitus (in vivo) | ICCs, SCF ↑↑ |
| Tong bian decoction [58] | Enhancement of colon transport function (in vivo) | ICC, c-kit mRNA ↑↑ |
| Shuwei decoction [33] | Improvement of gastric motility in a tail clasping-induced functional dyspepsia rat model (in vivo) | Serum SCF ↑↑, serum NO ↓↓, improvement of the structure of ICCs |
| Da-Cheng-Qi decoction combined with Lactobacillus acidophilus [39] | Improvement of GI motility in mice with traumatic brain injury (in vivo) | Improvement of ICC network structure damage |
| Shenqing recipe [40] | Repair of the ultrastructure of colonic ICCs in a TNBS-induced colitis rat model (in vivo) | C-kit ↑↑ |
| Chaihu Shugan powder [61] | Inhibition of excessive autophagy of ICCs (in vitro) | Bcl2↑↑, LC3, Beclin-1, PI3KC3 ↓↓ |
| Xiaozhang Tie [55] | Reduction in the degree of ascites and improvement of intestinal motility in cirrhotic rats (in vivo) | SCF, c-kit ↑↑ |
| Herba Cistanche [56] | Improvement of loperamide-induced slow transit constipation (in vivo) | C-kit, SCF, PI3K ↑↑, |
| Total phenols of Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils. [92] | Improvement of gastric motility in an atropine-induced GI dysmotility rat model (in vivo) | SCF, c-kit ↑↑ |
| Aurantii Fructus Immaturus and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma [59] | Protection of glutamic acid-stimulated ICCs (in vitro) | Reduction in autophagy via inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway |
| Eugenol and cinnamaldehyde (transdermal administration) [93] | Increase in ICC numbers in a trinitrobenzene sulfonate-induced ulcerative colitis rat model (in vivo) | SCF, c-kit ↑↑ |
| Aconitine, emodin [94] | Toxicity toward ICC cells individually but not in combination (aconitine:emodin as 2 : 1) (in vitro) | Deactivation of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump |
| Hesperidin, a citrus flavonoid [52] | Increase in GI motility, depolarization of the pacemaker potentials of ICCs (in vivo and in vitro) | Via 5-HT4 receptor |
| Naringenin [57] | Improvement of loperamide-induced constipation (in vivo) | C-Kit, SCF, aquaporin 3 ↑↑ |
| Quercetin [74] | Increase in ICC numbers in a diabetic rat model (in vivo) | (possibly due to its antioxidant action) |
| Nobiletin [95] | Induction of contraction in weakly contractile states, inhibition of contraction in highly contractile states (in vitro) | Via c-kit-dependent pathway |
| Eugenol [96] | Inhibition of intestinal contractions (in vitro) | Inhibition of Ca2+-activated Cl− channel TMEM16A in ICCs |
|
