Warm Footbaths with Sinapis nigra or Zingiber officinale Enhance Self-Reported Vitality in Healthy Adults More than Footbaths with Warm Water Only: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Table 2

Mean values for Basler Befindlichkeit questionnaire (BBS) at t0, t1, and t2 and between-substance differences as a function of time.

	Mean ± SD				Mean difference (95% CI); |Cohen’s d|
		WA	MU	GI	∆WA − MU	∆WA − GI	∆MU − GI
Vitality^a	t0	17.47 ± 4.12	18.76 ± 4.38	17.65 ± 4.37	−1.29 (−4.27; 1.68), 0.30	−0.18 (−3.15; 2.79); 0.04	1.12 (−1.94; 4.18); 0.26
	t1	18.00 ± 3.82	20.35 ± 4.61	20.47 ± 4.21	−2.35 (−5.32; 0.61); 0.56	−2.47 (−5.28; 0.34); 0.61	−0.12 (−3.20; 2.97); 0.03
	t2	18.76 ± 3.27	19.76 ± 5.45	20.06 ± 4.02	−1.00 (−4.17; 2.17); 0.22	−1.29 (−3.86; 1.27); 0.35	−0.29 (−3.65; 3.06); 0.06
Intrapsychic balance^a	t0	22.29 ± 4.30	22.76 ± 2.41	23.00 ± 3.30	−0.47 (−2.93; 1.99); 0.14	−0.71 (−3.39; 1.98); 0.18	−0.24 (−2.26; 1.79); 0.08
	t1	22.82 ± 2.96	23.65 ± 2.69	23.12 ± 2.96	−0.82 (−2.80; 1.15); 0.29	−0.29 (-2.36; 1.77); 0.10	0.53 (−1.45; 2.50); 0.19
	t2	22.29 ± 3.51	23.71 ± 2.89	23.00 ± 3.54	−1.41 (−3.66; 0.84); 0.44	−0.71 (−3.17; 1.76); 0.20	0.71 (−1.55; 2.96); 0.22
Vigilance^a	t0	19.76 ± 4.13	18.59 ± 4.61	17.71 ± 4.27	1.18 (−1.88; 4.24); 0.27	2.06 (−0.88; 4.99); 0.49	0.88 (−2.22; 3.99); 0.20
	t1	19.18 ± 3.41	19.47 ± 5.46	19.06 ± 3.80	−0.29 (−3.50; 2.91); 0.06	0.12 (−2.41; 2.64); 0.03	0.41 (−2.89; 3.71); 0.09
	t2	18.71 ± 3.79	18.59 ± 5.87	18.06 ± 4.52	0.12 (−3.36; 3.59); 0.02	0.65 (−2.27; 3.56); 0.16	0.53 (−3.14; 4.20); 0.10
Social extroversion^a	t0	17.53 ± 4.98	17.59 ± 3.57	17.06 ± 3.67	−0.06 (−3.10; 2.98); 0.01	0.47 (−2.59; 3.53); 0.11	0.53 (−2.00; 3.06); 0.15
	t1	17.24 ± 4.31	17.82 ± 3.52	17.76 ± 4.24	−0.59 (−3.34; 2.17); 0.15	−0.53 (−3.51; 2.46); 0.12	0.06 (−2.67; 2.78); 0.02
	t2	17.29 ± 4.03	17.47 ± 3.81	17.88 ± 3.98	−0.18 (−2.92; 2.56); 0.05	−0.59 (−3.39; 2.21); 0.15	−0.41 (−3.13; 2.31); 0.11
Total sum score^b	t0	77.06 ± 13.70	77.65 ± 10.83	75.47 ± 11.84	−0.59 (−9.24; 8.06); 0.05	1.59 (−7.37; 10.54); 0.12	2.18 (−5.75; 10.11); 0.19
	t1	77.24 ± 10.36	81.29 ± 13.19	80.41 ± 11.07	−4.06(−12.36; 4.25); 0.34	−3.18(−10.67; 4.31); 0.30	0.88 (−7.63; 9.40); 0.07
	t2	77.06 ± 11.09	79.53 ± 14.03	79.00 ± 11.74	−2.47(−11.32; 6.38); 0.20	−1.94 (−9.92; 6.04); 0.17	0.53 (−8.52; 9.58); 0.04

Notes: WA = water only condition, GI = ginger added to water, MU = mustard added to WA, t0 = baseline, t1 = after immersion, t2 = follow-up, CI = confidence intervals. ^a[4; 28]; ^b[16; 112].