Research Article

Warm Footbaths with Sinapis nigra or Zingiber officinale Enhance Self-Reported Vitality in Healthy Adults More than Footbaths with Warm Water Only: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Table 3

Change in study’s outcome measures from t0 to t1 (∆t1 − t0) and t0 to t2 (∆t2 − t0) as a function of footbath condition.

t1 − t0t2 − t0
Diff95% CI (L; H)|d|Diff95% CI (L; H)|d|

Basler Befindlichkeit questionnaire (BBS)
VitalityaWA0.53(−0.61; 1.67)0.131.29(−0.40; 2.99)0.35
MU1.59(0.40; 2.78)0.351.00(−0.35; 2.35)0.20
GI2.82(0.19; 5.45)0.662.41(−0.05; 4.87)0.57
Intrapsychic balanceaWA0.53(−0.86; 1.92)0.140.00(−1.37; 1.37)0.00
MU0.88(−0.80; 2.57)0.350.94(−0.82; 2.70)0.35
GI0.12(−1.51; 1.74)0.040.00(−2.30; 2.30)0.00
VigilanceaWA−0.59(−2.04; 0.87)0.16−1.06(−2.83; 0.71)0.27
MU0.88(−1.00; 2.76)0.170.00(−2.26; 2.26)0.00
GI1.35(−1.50; 4.21)0.330.35(−2.42; 3.13)0.08
Social extroversionaWA−0.29(−1.97; 1.38)0.06−0.24(−2.14; 1.67)0.05
MU0.24(−1.33; 1.80)0.07−0.12(−1.83; 1.60)0.03
GI0.71(−1.06; 2.48)0.180.82(−0.84; 2.49)0.22
Total sum scorebWA0.18(−4.26; 4.62)0.010.00(−5.49; 5.49)0.00
MU3.65(−0.53; 7.82)0.301.88(−3.48; 7.25)0.15
GI4.94(−1.91; 11.79)0.433.53(−4.04; 11.10)0.30

Cardiorespiratory parameters
SDNN, msWA1.82(−6.02; 9.67)0.099.08(2.59; 15.56)0.49
MU4.40(−5.64; 14.44)0.298.33(0.31; 16.36)0.57
GI-3.79(−10.71; 3.12)0.2311.75(3.15; 20.34)0.61
RMSSD, msWA0.82(−3.93; 5.57)0.063.92(0.03; 7.81)0.27
MU1.68(−4.25; 7.61)0.143.75(−1.70; 9.21)0.29
GI1.35(−3.05; 5.75)0.104.71(−0.36; 9.78)0.34
LF/HF-RatioWA−0.11(−1.49; 1.27)0.050.03(−1.08; 1.13)0.01
MU−0.72(−2.10; 0.66)0.27−0.34(−2.33; 1.66)0.12
GI−1.39(−3.59; 0.81)0.38−1.24(−3.33; 0.85)0.33
Stress index, pts.WA−22.80(−48.21; 2.60)0.2161.60(−106.30;-16.91)0.66
MU−35.45(-99.77; 28.86)0.3361.55(−112.53;-10.57)0.66
GI0.63(−29.42; 30.67)0.00−43.23(−91.05; 4.60)0.42
Respiration rate, 1/minWA0.56(−0.57; 1.70)0.18−0.40(−1.68; 0.88)0.13
MU0.59(−0.36; 1.53)0.230.59(−0.63; 1.81)0.24
GI0.91(−0.57; 2.39)0.360.14(−1.26; 1.53)0.06

Notes: data are means ± SD of all participants. WA = water only condition, GI = ginger added to water, MU = mustard added to WA, t0 = baseline, t1 = after immersion, t2 = follow-up, Diff = mean difference, CI = confidence intervals, L = lower confidence limit, H = upper confidence limit, d = Cohen’s d effect size). a[4; 28]; b[16; 112]. Bold indicates confidence intervals that do not contain zero.