Effects of Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) on GLP-1 and DPP-4 Concentrations between Normal and Prediabetic Subjects: A Crossover Study

Table 2

Comparison of parameters before and after sambiloto or placebo interventions in the normal subjects (n = 38).

Parameter	Presambiloto	Postsambiloto	Δ sambiloto	Preplacebo	Postplacebo	Δ placebo	value Δ
GLP-1 (pmol/L), median (min.–max.)	1.9 (0.8–15.4)	2.9 (0.7–12.4)	0.4 (−11.9–10.5)	1.9 (0.8–15.4)	2.8 (0.7–9.9)	0.5 (−12.7–8.2)	0.911^a
Fasting insulin (mU/L), mean (SD)	16.5 (12.1)	18.1 (9.2)	1.6 (6.7)	16.5 (12.1)	17.6 (11.0)	1.1 (7.5)	0.605^a
2-hour postprandial insulin (mU/L), mean (SD)	65.2 (44.1)	65.1 (43.6)	−0.1 (52.0)	65.2 (44.1)	62.1 (35.8)	−3.1 (39.6)	0.613^a
HOMA-IR, mean (SD)	3.3 (2.7)	3.7 (2.2)	0.4 (1.6)	3.3 (2.7)	3.5 (2.4)	0.2 (1.7)	0.204^a
FBG (mg/dL), mean (SD)	78.79 (8.91)	80.55 (9.17)	1.76 (8.18)	78.79 (8.91)	80.08 (8.97)	1.29 (8.52)	0.691^a
2-hour postprandial blood glucose (mg/dL), mean (SD)	93.84 (20.94)	93.71 (26.38)	−0.13 (29.51)	93.84 (20.94)	88.39 (23.95)	−5.45 (25.44)	0.253^a
DPP-4 (ng/mL), mean (SD)	421.51 (115.35)	431.04 (110.31)	9.53 (65.80)	421.51 (115.35)	433.11 (123.29)	11.59 (61.78)	0.838^a
GA (%), mean (SD)	12.54 (1.12)	11.63 (1.29)	−0.91 (1.17)	12.54 (1.12)	11.63 (1.44)	−0.91 (1.00)	0.973^a

Notes: comparative analysis using^a paired t-test. GA, glycated albumin.