Effects of Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) on GLP-1 and DPP-4 Concentrations between Normal and Prediabetic Subjects: A Crossover Study

Table 3

Comparison of parameters before and after sambiloto or placebo interventions in prediabetic subjects (n = 35)

Parameter	Presambiloto	Postsambiloto	Δ sambiloto	Preplacebo	Postplacebo	Δ placebo	value Δ
GLP-1 (mol/L), median (min.–max.)	2.7 (0.2–40.1)	3.2 (1.0–35.5)	0.3 (-4.6–5.9)	2.7 (0.2–40.1)	2.96 (0.6–34.6)	−0.2 (−5.5–4.4)	0.043^a
Fasting insulin (mU/L), mean (SD)	18.7 (6.4–60.2)	18.9 (8.6–74.8)	0.0 (-30.0–14.8)	18.7 (6.4–60.2)	20.0 (9.3–79.6)	0.2 (−32.5–54.3)	0.363^b
2-hour postprandial insulin (mU/L), mean (SD)	96.4 (26.7)	89.20 (31.84)	−7.27 (25.87)	96.47 (26.70)	90.11 (32.37)	−6.36 (28.14)	0.869^a
HOMA-IR, mean (SD)	4.8 (1.9–14.2)	5.1 (2.0–19.4)	−0.1 (−10.2–6.2)	4.8 (1.9–14.2)	4.6 (2.2–20.4)	-0.2 (-10.6–14.2)	0.523^b
FBG (mg/dL), mean (SD)	106.2 (11.3)	102.2 (12.2)	−4.0 (15.4)	106.2 (11.3)	101.1 (12.2)	−5.1 (14.7)	0.578^a
2-hour postprandial blood glucose (mg/dL), mean (SD)	140.5 (33.6)	146.9 (40.0)	6.5 (35.5)	140.5 (33.6)	140.5 (38.9)	0.1 (42.3)	0.336^a
DPP-4 (ng/mL), mean (SD)	561.8 (175.8)	598.6 (207.4)	36.8 (113.1)	561.8(175.8)	610.6 (208.5)	48.8 (98.7)	0.515^a
GA (%), mean (SD)	12.7 (1.7)	12.6 (1.8)	−0.1 (0.8)	12.7 (1.7)	12.6 (1.7)	−0.1 (1.0)	0.937^a

Notes: comparative analysis using ^apaired t-test and ^bWilcoxon test; statistically significant if .