[Retracted] Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases with Plant Phytochemicals: A Review

Table 1

Important phytochemicals reported for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

The scientific name of the plant	Family	Parts of plant	Phytochemical compounds	Actions/uses	Reference
Amaranthus viridis	Amaranthaceae	Whole plant part	Amino acids	Treats hypercholesterolemia	[133]
Aniba canelilla	Lauraceae	Stem wood, bark, and leaf	Essential oil, phenolic acids, and flavonoids	Regulates oxidative stress and hypertension	[134]
Aspalathus linearis	Fabaceae	Leaf	Polyphenolic compounds	Regulates oxidative stress and inflammation	[135]
Baccharis trimera	Asteraceae	Aerial part	Flavonoids and phenolic compounds	Attributes to lipid-lowering action and the inhibition of free radical generation	[136]
Berberis spp.	Berberidaceae	Stem, bark, root, and bark	Berberine	Regulates metabolism, immunity, and oxidative reactions	[137]
Camellia oleifera	Theaceae	Leaf	Terpenoid and saponins	Induces cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury through activation of the bradykinin-NO pathway followed by the suppression of reactive oxygen species	[138]
Camellia sinensis	Theaceae	Leaf	Catechins, sterols, alkaloids, and terpenoids	Reduces the level of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, nonhigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B	[139]
Carthamus tinctorius	Asteraceae	Flower	Chalcone compounds	Lower blood pressure and reduce rennin activity	[140]
Citrus bergamia	Rutaceae	Fruit	Flavonoids	Manages cardiotoxicity due to its antioxidative and lipid-lowering effects	[141]
Cocos nucifera	Arecaceae	Stem, leaf, seeds, and flower	Phenols, tannins, leucoanthocyanidins, flavonoids, triterpenes, steroids, and alkaloids	Minimizes oxidative stress and cell harm	[142]
Coriandrum sativum	Apiaceae	Seeds	Essential oils and polyphenols	Controlls diabetic dyslipidemia to prevent cardiovascular complications	[143]
Crocus sativus	Iridaceae	Flower stigma	Essential oil, crocin, crocetin, and picrocrocin	Shows beneficial results against hypertension and atherosclerosis	[144]
Cudrania tricuspidata	Moraceae	Leaf	Essential oil	Decreases systolic blood pressure in hypertension	[145]
Curcuma longa	Zingiberaceae	Rhizome	Curcumin	cardioprotective effects through reducing oxidative stress	[146]
Dracocephalum moldavica	Labiatae	Seeds	Flavonoids: Tilianin, luteolin, and rosmarinic acid	Reduces the IL-1β and TNF-α levels and improves the integrity of the myocardial membrane and fibers	[27]
Eleocharis dulcis	Cyperaceae	Fruit	Amino acids, carbohydrates, phenolics, sterols, and saponins	Plays an essential role in cardiovascular homeostasis	[147]
Garcinia indica	Clusiaceae	Fruit	Phenolic compounds and flavonoids	Cardioprotective against myocardial injury	[148]
Ginkgo biloba	Ginkgoaceae	Leaf	Flavonoids and terpenoids	Promotes cardiomyocyte survival and inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis through the modulation of the PI3K-AKT and NF-κB pathways	[149]
Glycine max	Angiospermae	Seeds	Isoflavones: genistein, daidzein, and glycitin in glycoside forms	Improves vascular reactivity, increases low-density lipoprotein oxidation resistance, and inhibits thrombus formation	[16]
Gynostemmapentaphyllum	Cucurbitaceae	Aerial part	Saponins	Shows inhibition towards oxidized low-density lipoprotein induced foam cell formation and accumulation of intracellular lipids, controls cholesterol metabolism, displays synergistic activities in lowering lipid synthesis, and increases oxidation.	[150]
Moringa olifera	Moringaceae	Leaf	Saponins	Reduces the cholesterol in blood and blood pressure	[151]
Moringa stenopetala	Moringaceae	Leaf	Alkaloids, saponins, polyphenols, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides	Treats high blood pressure	[152]
Nigella sativa	Ranunculaceae	Seeds	Cinnamaldehyde	Decreases oxidative stress and regulates avert hypertension development	[153]
Ocimum sanctum	Lamiaceae	Leaf	Eugenol	Displays the significant treatment of cardiovascular effects via blood pressure lowering	[154]
Olea europaea	Oleaceae	Leaf	Iridoids and secoiridoids	Exhibits cardioprotective role against lipid oxidation and cholesterol efflux	[152]
Panax spp.	Araliaceae	Berry, leaf, root	Protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol, and oleanane	Regulates blood pressure and circulation	[153, 155]
Persea Americana	Lauraceae	Seeds	Flavonoids and polyphenols	Attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity	[153]
Phoenix dactylifera	Arecaceae	Fruit	Flavonoids and phenolic compounds	Shows a cardio- protective effect on the heart tissue against cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin treatment	[156]
Potentilla reptans	Rosaceae	Root	Triterpenoids	Up/downregulation of many signalling pathways regarding their cardiovascular properties	[157]
Rhodiola Rosea	Crassulaceae	Root	Monoterpene alcohols and their glycosides, cyanogenic glycosides, and flavonoids	Cardiovascular diseases prevention	[158]
Rosa damascene	Rosaceae	Flowers	Flavonoids, glycosides, and anthocyanins	Cardiovascular disease prevention through regulating oxidative stress and blood lipids	[158]
Rumex obtusifolius	Polygonaceae	Root, stem, leaf	Anthracene derivatives, flavonoids, and procyanidins	Reduces the risk of developing of cardiovascular activities through controlling blood lipid accumulation, obesity, and oxidative stress	[159]
Trifolium pratense	Fabaceae	Seeds	Isoflavones: daidzein, genistein, formononetin, and biochanin A	Prevents cardiovascular diseases via controlling the cholesterol level	[160]
Salvia miltiorrhiza	Lamiaceae	Rhizome	Salvianolic acids	Modulates endothelial hemostasis by increasing plasminogen activator, anticoagulant thrombomodulin, eNOS dependent NO production, inhibits LDL oxidation, and extravasation, ensures OxLDL-induced endothelial cell injury	[161, 162]
Solanum Lycopersicum	Solanaceae	Fruit	Flavonoids	Reduces the risk of human cardiovascular diseases through lowering blood pressure and monitors type 2 diabetes	[163]
Sophora mollis	Fabaceae	Root	Rutin	Traditional therapy for the cardioprotective action	[164]
Vaccinium myrtillus	Ericaceae	Fruit	Anthocyanins	Decreases LDL-C/TG and increases HDL-C levels	[165]
Veratrum grandiflorum	Melanthiaceae	Root	Resveratrol	Cardiovascular protection against inflammation and oxidative stress	[166]
Viburnum foetidum	Caprifoliaceae	Aerial part	Anthocyanins	Cardiovascular protection through regulating blood lipids, obesity, and oxidative stress	[167]
Zingiber officinale	Zingiberaceae	Rhizome	6-Shogaol, 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, and 10-gingerol	Enhances fibrinolytic activity and decreases lipid peroxidation, controls blood glucose levels and blood pressure, lipid concentration, and reduces the pain claimed by rheumatoid arthritis affected patients	[27, 168]