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Plant | Phytoconstituents | Mechanism of action | Reference |
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Camellia sinensis | Polyphenols, amino acids, theanine, proanthocyanins, caffeine, catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate, and gallocatechin gallate | It prevents human vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress. | [169] |
(i) Through activating autophagy through the mTOR pathway by delaying apoptosis upon endoplasmic reticulum stress |
(ii) Increases the expression levels of proteins |
Relates to autophagy and connexin in neonatal cardiomyocytes with high glucose by restoring AMPK activity |
(iii) Inhibitions of autophagy |
By preserving connexin expression in cells stimulated by high glucose levels |
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Curcuma longa | Fat-soluble aromatic phytoextract that obtained from ginger plant rhizome and curcumin | Controls hypertensive effects | [170] |
(i) By lowering blood pressure, it can increase myocardial trophic blood flow. |
(ii) By reducing the viscosity of blood and thrombosis formation through hindering the synthesis of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) |
Prevents platelet activation and aggregation |
(i) By regulating calcium signals |
Inhibiting the activation of NF-κB, AKT, and ERK |
(i) By protecting and activating vascular endothelial cells from incapacitation, which reduces arterial sclerosis, thrombosis, and abnormal blood pressure |
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Digitalis lanata | Steroid glycosides and digoxin | Protects cardiomyocytes | [20] |
(i) By opening of the KATP channel, increase secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide, cardiac hypertrophy, oxidative stress, and apoptosis |
Protective in macrophages and monocytes |
(i) By estrogen receptor activation, NOS-NO signalling pathway inhibition, and nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α activation |
Exerts protective therapeutic effects |
(i) By inhibiting, modulating, and regulating the expression of contractile and structural proteins and glycoproteins |
(ii) By regulating the calcium levels and improving the functioning of mitochondria |
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Gentiana spp. | Gentiopicroside, swertiamarin, sweroside, isogentisin, bellidifolin, mangiferin, isoorientin, isovitexin, gentiana scabra, and gentiana triflora | Prevents platelet activation | [171] |
(i) By inhibiting phosphorylation of phospholipase C(PLC)2-PKC cascade and the MAPK pathway so that amarogentin may offer therapeutic potential for treating thromboembolic disorders |
Blood pressure lowering |
(i) Through inhibition of Ca2+ ingress and release from intracellular stores |
Prevents and treats atherosclerosis |
(i) Through inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation |
Exhibits anticoagulant activity |
(i) An endothelium-independent vasodilator activity in aortic rings precontracted by norepinephrine a marked depression of the contracturant response by KCl, caffeine, and norepinephrine |
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Gongronema latifolium | Phenolic compounds, saponins, triterpenes, branched glycosylated, oleanane saponins, furostane saponin, rutin, kaempferol, and iridoid ebuloside | Lowering blood pressure | [172] |
(i) By inhibiting cardiac contraction |
(ii) By regulating rate of heart beat |
(iii) By improving cardiac output with the ultimate decrease in arterial blood pressure |
(iv) Control raised mean arterial pressure and heart rate |
(v) By blocking calcium ion channel |
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Gynostemma spp. | Dammarane-type saponins and gypenosides | Protection of embryonic cardiomyocytes H9c2 from I/R injuries | [150] |
(i) By downregulating the production of intracellular ROS and recovering mitochondrial membrane potential to normal levels |
(ii) By the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway |
Reduction of cell apoptosis from I/R stimulus |
(i) By decreasing the expression of apoptotic proteins such as bax and caspase-3/-9 |
(ii) Blocking of the homologous protein pathway |
(iii) By inhibiting the apoptosis caused by endoplasmic reticulum stress |
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Moringa oleifera | Flavonoids, glucomoringin, β-sitosterol, sulphur-containing compounds niazimin-A, niaziminin-B, and niazicin-A | Targets angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) | [173] |
(i) Through antihypertensive activity |
(ii) Treats obesity and its cardioprotective effects |
(iii) Regulates the cardiac induced by a high-fat diet feeding |
(iv) Manages obesity and its related heart complications |
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Nigella sativa | Alkaloids, flavonoids, and thymoquinone | Prevents cell injuries | [174] |
(i) By reducing the free radical formation |
(ii) By scavenging free radical species from blood |
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Oncocalyx glabratus | Flavones and oncoglabrinol C | Protection of endothelial cells | [175] |
(i) By controlling oxidative stress and apoptosis |
(ii) By modulating hepatic CYP3A4 activity |
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Silymarin marianum | Flavonoids, flavonolignans, quercetin, taxifolin, eriodyctiol, silibinin, and chrysoeriol | Controls inflammation | [176–178] |
(i) Activates the Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathway |
(ii) Inhibits the NF-Κb/NLRP3 signalling pathway |
Reduces cardiomyocytes |
(i) By reducing doxorubicin and ameliorated inflammation and oxidative stress by activating PPAR-γ |
(ii) By regulating antioxidant activity in oxidative stress-induced cardiovascular diseases |
Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus |
(i) Improving the glycemic index and lipid profile significantly |
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