Expressive Arts Therapy Combined with Progressive Muscle Relaxation following Music for Perioperative Patients with Gynecological Malignancies: A Pilot Study

Table 2

Comparison of HHI scores between the two groups (mean ± sd; effect size).

Groups	Preintervention (T1)	Postintervention (T3)	t Value	value	Effect size (Cohen’s d)	T3-T1
Expressive arts therapy group (n = 55)	22.87 ± 3.45	29.60 ± 2.29	12.64	≤0.001	2.28	6.73 ± 3.95
Standard care control group (n = 55)	24.00 ± 3.72	29.98 ± 1.86	12.14	≤0.001	2.02	5.99 ± 3.65
t Value	−1.648	−0.960				1.028
value	0.10	0.34				0.31
Effect size (Cohen’s d)	−0.31	−0.18				0.19

HHI, Herth Hope Index; sd, standard deviation; T1, treatment 1 (preoperation); T3, treatment 3 (predischarge).