Research Article

Strengthening of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Health System Reform: Effect on Health Outcomes and Financial Protection

Table 3

Robustness check.

Model 3 (proportion of TCM hospitals, %)Model 4 (proportion of TCM hospital beds, %)

Health outcomes
Age-standardized excess mortality per 100,000 population−0.004 (−1.907, 1.899)−1.178 (−4.077, 1.721)
Life expectancy at birth (both genders/days)16.425 (10.702, 22.148)30.295 (20.995, 39.595)
Life expectancy at birth (female/days)12.775 (3.475, 22.075)34.675 (21.082, 48.268)
Life expectancy at birth (male/days)19.345 (14.337, 24.353)25.915 (18.046, 33.784)

Financial protection
Health expenses as a percentage of total consumption expenses among urban residents (%)−0.016 (−0.051, 0.019)−0.046 (−0.101, 0.009)
Health expenses as a percentage of total consumption expenses among rural residents (%)−0.138 (−0.187, −0.089)−0.102 (−0.178, −0.026)
Model 5 (number of TCM physicians per 100,000 population)Model 6 (proportion of TCM physicians, %)

Health outcomes
Crude mortality per 100,000 population−1.107 (−2.25, 0.036)−6.715 (−9.224, −4.206)

Financial protection
Health expenses as a percentage of total income among urban residents (%)−0.027 (−0.047, −0.007) −0.023 (−0.062, 0.016)
Health expenses as a percentage of total income among rural residents (%)0.018 (−0.013, 0.049)0.061 (0.002, 0.12)

Model 7 (number of TCM physicians per 100,000 population)Model 8 (proportion of TCM physicians, %)
Low-health resource provincesHigh-health resource provincesLow-health resource provincesHigh-health resource provinces

Health outcomes
Age-standardized excess mortality−1.715 (−3.138, −0.292)−1.934 (−3.261, −0.607)−5.060 (−8.057, −2.063)−5.490 (−8.610, −2.370)
Life expectancy at birth (both genders/days)6.205 (1.913, 10.497)2.555 (−1.737, 6.847)17.885 (7.869, 27.901)12.045 (2.029, 22.061)
Life expectancy at birth (female/days)3.285 (−3.869, 10.439)−2.555 (−8.994, 3.884)10.950 (−3.358, 25.258)1.460 (−13.563, 16.483)
Life expectancy at birth (male/days)8.030 (3.738, 12.322)6.205 (2.628, 9.782)21.900 (13.315, 30.485)18.250 (9.665, 26.835)

Financial protection
Health expenses as a percentage of total consumption expenses among urban residents (%)−0.048 (−0.073, −0.023)−0.051 (−0.076, −0.026)−0.042 (−0.099, 0.015)−0.059 (−0.118, 0.000)
Health expenses as a percentage of total consumption expenses among rural residents (%)−0.044 (−0.081, −0.007)−0.050 (−0.085, −0.015)−0.081 (−0.161, −0.001)−0.095 (−0.179, −0.011)

Model was adjusted for province and yearly fixed effects, dependency ratio (%), illiteracy rate (%), and GDP per capita (thousands RMB). 95% CI in parentheses. .