Econometric Analysis of Landscape Preferences in Canterbury, New Zealand
Table 4
Visual assessment study.
Variable
Unit
Rural
Urban
Estimate
Std. err.
Estimate
Std. err.
Shelterbelt in image
Dummy
0.73***
(0.051)
0.62***
(0.035)
Distant shelterbelt
Dummy
0.34***
(0.038)
0.36***
(0.026)
Individual trees
Dummy
0.19***
(0.037)
0.14***
(0.025)
Sheep
Dummy
0.62***
(0.056)
0.46***
(0.038)
Beef cattle
Dummy
−0.0032
(0.056)
−0.089**
(0.038)
Dairy cows
Dummy
−0.34***
(0.044)
−0.28***
(0.030)
Horticulture
Dummy
0.38***
(0.038)
0.25***
(0.026)
Irrigator
Dummy
−0.91***
(0.050)
−0.86***
(0.034)
Silage bales
Dummy
−0.33***
(0.050)
−0.33***
(0.034)
Overgrown verge
Dummy
−0.15***
(0.030)
−0.14***
(0.020)
Electric/telephone poles
Dummy
−0.035
(0.031)
−0.037*
(0.021)
Hills
Dummy
0.11***
(0.032)
0.074***
(0.022)
Male
Dummy
−0.0087
(0.080)
0.036
(0.063)
Age
Years
0.0081**
(0.0033)
0.00021
(0.0025)
Non-Māori NZ’er
Dummy
−0.056
(0.13)
−0.15
(0.095)
Māori
Dummy
−0.10
(0.26)
−0.31*
(0.16)
Canterbury residency
Years
−0.00019
(0.0024)
0.0016
(0.0020)
Farm family
Dummy
0.095
(0.11)
0.039
(0.16)
Outdoors activities
Dummy
0.025
(0.13)
−0.046
(0.074)
Constant
−0.082
(0.25)
0.41***
(0.15)
Number of groups
244
494
Obs. per group
38
38
Notes: Maximum likelihood model estimated using cross-classified random effects. Standard errors reported in parentheses. ***Significant at the 1% level; **significant at the 5% level; *significant at the 10% level.