| | Model | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | | Coeff. (T-ratio) | Coeff. (T-ratio) | Coeff. (T-ratio) | Coeff. (T-ratio) |
| | Fixed effects |
| | Intercept | 455.43 (58.64)*** | 476.87 (13.87)*** | 380.27 (10.49)*** | 196.22 (5.62)*** | | Student level (level 1) | | | | | | Migrant | −27.78 (−9.67)*** | −27.76 (−9.63)*** | −26.77 (−9.13)*** | −20.48 (−7.57)*** | | Female | | | | 29.26 (86.69)*** | | HISEI | | | | 0.57 (66.66)*** | | Age | | | | 8.68 (18.30)*** | | No. books at home
(a): | | | | | | 11–25 | | | | 11.23 (21.90)*** | | 26–100 | | | | 25.83 (53.67)*** | | 101–200 | | | | 37.33 (67.90)*** | | 201–500 | | | | 49.61 (77.46)*** | | >500 | | | | 46.67 (66.86)*** |
| | School level (level 2) | | | | | | School type
(b) | | | | | | Private school (indep.) | 43.89 (7.55)*** | 20.86 (0.68) | 21.21 (0.91) | 22.55 (1.03) | | Private school (gov. depend.) | 12.00 (1.91) | −2.69 (−0.08) | −35.49 (−1.43) | −33.31 (−1.48) | | Prop. girls | | | 68.92 (26.74)*** | 37.33 (15.63)*** | | Prop. migrants | | | −32.02 (−10.82)*** | −29.12 (−10.54)*** | | Prop. parents with tertiary edu. | | | 151.68 (57.07)*** | 112.76 (45.35)*** | | Prop. certified teachers | | | 3.65 (2.15)* | 3.90 (2.48)* | | School size | | | 0.01 (15.39)*** | 0.01 (14.84)*** | | Student-teacher ratio | | | −0.02 (−0.29) | −0.03 (−0.40) | | Community size
(c): | | | | | | 3,000–15,000 | | | 4.93 (2.99)** | 3.45 (2.25)* | | 15,000–100,000 | | | 8.14 (4.91)*** | 5.79 (3.75)*** | | 100,000–1,000,000 | | | 6.07 (3.47)*** | 3.47 (2.13)* | | >1,000,000 | | | 9.72 (4.49)*** | 6.84 (3.39)*** |
| | Country level (level 3) | | | | | | Gini-Index (2005) | | −1.42 (−1.68) | −1.31 (−1.47) | −0.96 (−1.14) | | GNP per capita (2005) | | 0.00 (3.29)*** | 0.00 (3.48)*** | 0.00 (3.34)*** |
| | Cross-level effects | | | | | | Gini*priv. school (indep.) | | 1.06 (1.53) | 0.11 (0.21) | −0.05 (−0.09) | | Gini*priv. school (gov. dep.) | | 0.65 (0.81) | 1.09 (1.94) | 0.97 (1.90) | | GNP*priv. school (indep.) | | −0.00 (−1.79) | −0.00 (−3.04)** | −0.00 (−3.10)** | | GNP*priv. school (gov. dep.) | | −0.00 (−0.66) | −0.00 (−0.16) | 0.00 (0.08) | | Priv. school (indep.)
*
migrant | 5.98 (1.44) | 5.99 (1.42) | 5.82 (1.34) | 3.69 (0.92) | | Priv. school (gov. dep.)
*
migrant | 9.62 (2.45)* | 9.49 (2.55)* | 9.38 (2.55)* | 6.67 (1.95) |
| | Random effects |
| | δ (error variance level 1) | 5679 | 5678 | 5681 | 5211 | | ε (error variance level 2) | 3645 | 3645 | 2426 | 2056 | | γ (error variance level 3) | 3389 | 2386 | 2563 | 2248 |
| | Deviance (no. of estimated parameters) | 4,621,099 (31) | 4,621,080 (37) | 4,616,051 (47) | 4,580,643 (55) |
| | 398,750 | 398,750 | 398,750 | 398,750 | | 14,365 | 14,365 | 14,365 | 14,365 | | 57 | 57 | 57 | 57 |
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