Research Article
School Accountability and Youth Obesity: Can Physical Education Mandates Make a Difference?
Table 3
Empirical results: effect of accountability pressures on days of vigorous physical activity.
| | | Grades 3–8 | High school | | | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
| | Quality Counts index | −0.0066 (0.0253) | — | −0.0966*** (0.0219) | — | | Carnoy-Loeb index | — | 0.00731 (0.0176) | — | −0.0492*** (0.0141) | | PE mandate | 0.100* (0.0518) | 0.112* (0.0674) | 0.00699 (0.0305) | 0.0107 (0.0266) | | Accountability index * (PE mandate) | 0.0108 (0.0264) | — | 0.0412** (0.0172) | — | | Carnoy-Loeb index * (PE mandate) | — | −0.0115 (0.0184) | — | 0.0211*** (0.00828) | | Gender (female is excluded): | | | | | | Male | 0.618*** (0.0260) | 0.233*** (0.0249) | 0.320*** (0.0245) | 0.997*** (0.0314) | | Child’s age | −0.0937*** (0.00759) | −0.0714*** (0.0145) | −0.240*** (0.00206) | −0.248*** (0.0141) | | Child born in US | 0.259*** (0.0604) | 0.203*** (0.0585) | 0.0682 (0.0691) | 0.159 (0.0716) | | Race (white is excluded): | | | | | | Black | −0.230*** (0.0439) | 0.387*** (0.0345) | −0.0191 (0.0408) | 0.157*** (0.0576) | | Hispanic |
−0.311***(0.043) | −0.0134 (0.0459) | −0.184*** (0.0404) | 0.182*** (0.0593) | | Multiracial | 0.112* (0.0661) | 0.0907 (0.0604) | 0.0305 (0.0559) | 0.176** (0.0868) | | Other | −0.101 (0.0669) | 0.129 (0.0827) | 0.000432 (0.0739) | 0.0695 (0.0830) | | Maternal education (less than high school is excluded): | | | | | | High school | 0.335*** (0.0655) | 0.175*** (0.0621) | 0.106* (0.0605) | 0.112 (0.0894) | | More than high school | 0.381***(0.0643) | −0.0334 (0.0612) | 0.0183 (0.0588) | 0.291*** (0.0876) | | Household income (income above 400% poverty line is excluded): | | | | | | Household income falls below poverty line | −0.0915* (0.0482) | −0.0895* (0.0482) | −0.161** (0.0636) | −0.0348 (0.0641) | | Household income is between 100% and 133% of poverty line | −0.0681 (0.0584) | −0.0659 (0.0584) | −0.0623 (0.0762) | 0.373 (0.0762) | | Household income is between 133% and 150% of poverty line | 0.0633 (0.0769) | −0.0626 (0.0768) | −0.179* (0.101) | −0.0919 (0.100) | | Household income is between 150% and 185% of poverty line | 0.106* (0.0555) | 0.0994* (0.0555) | −0.238*** (0.0718) | −0.156*** (0.07117) | | Household income is between 185% and 200% of poverty line | −0.135* (0.0727) | −0.135* (0.0727) | −0.0286 (0.0912) | 0.0271 (0.0909) | | Household income is between 200% and 300% of poverty line | −0.0694* (0.0382) | −0.0677* (0.0382) | −0.135*** (0.0455) | −0.0945** (0.0454) | | Household income is between 300% and 400% of poverty line | −0.136*** (0.0396) | −0.135*** (0.0396) | −0.103** (0.0461) | −0.925** (0.0459) | | MSA | −0.0688*** (0.0274) | −0.0644*** (0.0232) | −0.0820*** (0.0236) | −0.138*** (0.0343) | | Region (South is excluded): | | | | | | West | −0.0815** (0.0325) | −0.0903** (0.0455) | 0.0608 (0.0401) | 0.225*** (0.0641) | | Northeast | 0.0120 (0.0279) | −0.0369 (0.0383) | −0.138 (0.0363) | 0.0221 (0.0599) | | Midwest | −0.0292 (0.0223) | −0.0174 (0.0305) | −0.0537* (0.0299) | 0.172*** (0.0528) | | Father exercises regularly | 0.398*** (0.0271) | 0.398*** (0.0271) | 0.0332 (0.0436) | 0.437*** (0.0328) | | Mother exercises regularly | 0.447*** (0.0837) | 0.446*** (0.0837) | 0.409*** (0.000871) | 0.478*** (0.0971) | | Childhood obesity rate in state | 0.0188** (0.00799) | 0.0146* (0.00787) | 0.0295*** (0.00984) | 0.0243** (0.00959) | | Per capita income | −0.0142*** (0.00346) | −0.0141*** (0.00345) | 0.000116 (0.00439) | −0.000213 (0.00439) | | Number of observations | 28603 | 28603 | 22415 | 22415 | | 45.21 | 45.34 | 52.27 | 51.99 |
|
|
Notes: standard errors are in parentheses; indicates significance at level, indicates significance at level and indicates significance at level.
|
