Research Article
School Accountability and Youth Obesity: Can Physical Education Mandates Make a Difference?
Table 6
Empirical results: effect of accountability pressures on overweight levels among high school children, IV estimates.
| | | At risk of being overweight | Overweight | | | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
| | Quality Counts index | 0.0127 (0.0113) | — | 0.0409** (0.0143) | — | | Carnoy-Loeb index | — | 0.00756 (0.00677) | — | 0.0221** (0.00873) | | PA: days of vigorous exercise per week | −0.0440 (0.141) | −0.0849 (0.146) | −0.311* (0.183) | −0.309* (0.189) | | Gender (female is excluded): | | | | | | Male | 0.166* (0.0986) | 0.189* (0.104) | 0.165 (0.125) | 0.155 (0.134) | | Child’s age | −0.0282 (0.0284) | −0.0347 (0.0299) | 0.0258 (0.0359) | 0.0287 (0.0386) | | Child born in US | 0.135*** (0.0498) | 0.139** (0.0497) | 0.0626 (0.0631) | 0.0598 (0.0642) | | Race (white is excluded): | | | | | | Black | 0.271*** (0.0381) | 0.274*** (0.0382) | 0.195*** (0.0470) | 0.191*** (0.0481) | | Hispanic | 0.121*** (0.0413) | 0.117*** (0.0415) | 0.0631 (0.0524) | 0.0668 (0.0536) | | Multiracial | 0.0299 (0.0578) | 0.0345 (0.0574) | 0.0962 (0.0711) | 0.0961 (0.0720) | | Other | −0.109** (0.0524) | 0.111** (0.0517) | 0.0743 (0.0665) | 0.0755 (0.0670) | | Maternal education (less than high school is excluded): | | | | | | High school | 0.0905 (0.0563) | 0.0936* (0.0557) | −0.213 (0.0678) | −0.0227 (0.0686) | | More than high school | −0.0938 (0.0626) | −0.0861 (0.0630) | −0.261*** (0.0765) | −0.265*** (0.0786) | | Household income (income above 400% poverty line is excluded): | | | | | | Household income falls below poverty line | 0.237*** (0.0474) | 235*** (0.0469) | 0.257*** (0.0585) | 0.257*** (0.0591) | | Household income is between 100% and 133% of poverty line | 0.166*** (0.0519) | 0.165*** (0.0511) | 0.103 (0.0654) | 0.10 (0.0658) | | Household income is between 133% and 150% of poverty line | 0.147** (0.0662) | 0.143** (0.0655) | 0.107 (0.0835) | 0.107 (0.0843) | | Household income is between 150% and 185% of poverty line | 0.232*** (0.0508) | 0.227*** (0.0506) | 0.238*** (0.0635) | 0.239*** (0.0646) | | Household income is between 185% and 200% of poverty line | 0.140 (0.0577) | 0.140** (0.0570) | 0.172** (0.0717) | 0.172** (0.0721) | | Household income is between 200% and 300% of poverty line | 0.103*** (0.0314) | 0.129*** (0.0312) | 0.182*** (0.0455) | 0.182** (0.0403) | | Household income is between 300% and 400% of poverty line | 0.136*** (0.0314) | 0.100*** (0.0312) | 0.917** (0.0406) | 0.925** (0.0411 | | Lunch program participation | 0.0882** (0.0364) | 0.0908** (0.0360) | 0.997** (0.0449) | 0.101** (0.0453) | | MSA | −0.0411* (0.0236) | −0.0439* (0.0238) | −0.0432 (0.0299) | −0.0416 (0.0307) | | Region (South is excluded): | | | | | | West | −0.170*** (0.0345) | −0.173*** (0.0339) | −0.193*** (0.0438) | −0.218*** (0.0440) | | Northeast | −0.0122 (0.0364) | −0.0161 (0.0352) | −0.0432 (0.0463) | −0.0568 (0.0457) | | Midwest | −0.0037*** (0.0322) | −0.0932*** (0.0322) | −0.0741* (0.0403) | −0.0902** (0.0411) | | Father exercises regularly | −0.135*** (0.0520) | −0.124** (0.0546) | −0.199*** (0.0658) | −0.205*** (0.0704) | | Mother exercises regularly | −0.0597 (0.0798) | −0.0470 (0.0813) | −0.178* (0.101) | −0.183* (0.0971) | | Childhood obesity rate in state | 0.0174** (0.00789) | 0.0175** (0.00736) | 0.0474*** (0.0102) | 0.0453*** (0.00948) | | Per capita income | −0.00186 (0.00264) | −0.00438* (0.00251) | −0.00442 (0.00323) | −0.00458 (0.00325) | | Number of observations | 22415 | 22415 | 22415 | 22415 | | Wald Chi-squared | 756 | 45.34 | 52.27 | 51.99 |
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Notes: standard errors are in parentheses; indicates significance at level, indicates significance at level, and indicates significance at level.
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