Research Article

Thorax, Trachea, and Lung Ultrasonography in Emergency and Critical Care Medicine: Assessment of an Objective Structured Training Concept

Table 3

Learning targets of the “virtual station” within the hands-on training (HOT).

Picture numberRelated topic Mode (B/M)Details to recognizeDifficulty level

1Normal and edemaBA-line, reverberation artifacts, multiple B-lines2
2NormalBPeritoneum, kidney, and bony rib artifact with posterior acoustic shadowing1
3Fluid differential diagnosisBFour B-mode views of fluids: subdiaphragmatic fluid and liver, ascites, spleen, and diaphragm, PLE, lobe atelectasis, diaphragm and liver, and ascites and small bowel1
4PLEBSpleen, fluid, and compression atelectasis1
5PLE/ascitesBSmall amounts of PLE, diaphragm, and ascites2
6Acoustic shadowing, anatomy and, stoneBLiver and hyperechogenic diaphragm, gall bladder and stone with posterior acoustic shadowing1
7PLE, M-mode appearanceB and MSmall PLE, multiple comet tails, A-line, and separated visceral pleura2
8PLEBLarge amount of PLE, good view of diaphragm and spleen1
9Peripheral pulmonary embolismBVisible triangular break in visceral pleural line due to peripheral pulmonary embolism, lung tissue2
10Lung pulse, normal M-modeB and MReverberation artifacts of pleural line, lung pulse, sonoanatomical finding of “seashore” sign in the M-mode2
11Stratosphere signB and MMultiple reverberation artifacts, pleural line2
12Lung pointB and MBreakup of pleural line (change point between seashore/stratosphere sign)2

PLE: pleural effusion; PTX: pneumothorax; US: ultrasound examination.