Occurrence and Impact of Gastrointestinal Bleeding and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events during Sepsis: A 15-Year Observational Study
Table 1
Demographic characteristics and baseline comorbidities of sepsis patients.
Variables (n = 220,082)
Total
Hospital mortality
value
No
Yes
n
%
n
%
n
%
Sex
<0.001
Female
95,982
43.61
62,472
46.47
33,510
39.13
Male
12,4100
56.39
71,972
53.53
52,128
60.87
Age group, years
<0.001
18–40 years
9078
4.12
6822
5.07
2256
2.63
40–60 years
46,275
21.03
32,167
23.93
14,108
16.47
60–80 years
97,665
44.38
60,655
45.12
37,010
43.22
>80 years
67,064
30.47
34,800
25.88
32,264
37.67
Mean (±SD)
70.15 (15.17)
68.32 (15.41)
73.00 (14.32)
<0.001
Insurance premium (NT dollars)
<0.001
<20,000
138,504
62.93
79,070
58.81
59,434
69.4
20,000–40,000
67,567
30.70
45,359
33.74
22,208
25.93
40,000–60,000
10,328
4.69
7450
5.54
2878
3.36
>60,000
3683
1.67
2565
1.91
1118
1.31
Urbanization level
0.004
1 (highest)
53,004
24.08
32,181
23.94
20,823
24.32
2
60,055
27.29
37,065
27.57
22,990
26.85
3
36,139
16.42
22,030
16.39
14,109
16.48
4
36,982
16.80
22,472
16.71
14,510
16.94
5 (lowest)
33,900
15.40
20,695
15.39
13,205
15.42
Baseline comorbidities
HTN
15,0329
68.31
90,837
67.56
59,492
69.47
<0.001
DM
13,6875
62.19
83,590
62.17
53,285
62.22
0.825
CHF
58,264
26.47
32,176
23.93
26,088
30.46
<0.001
COPD
100,444
45.64
58,436
43.46
42,008
49.05
<0.001
CLD
67,061
30.47
40,663
30.25
26,398
30.83
0.004
CKD
82,200
37.35
46,355
34.48
35,845
41.86
<0.001
Cancer
69,432
31.55
35,366
26.31
34,066
39.78
<0.001
CCI score
<0.001
0
4748
2.16
3843
2.86
905
1.06
1
10,415
4.73
8363
6.22
2052
2.4
2
11,852
5.39
8744
6.5
3108
3.63
3
13,081
5.94
9156
6.81
3925
4.58
≥4
17,9986
81.78
104,338
77.61
75,648
88.33
Drug use¶
Aspirin
28,861
13.11
16,906
12.57
11,955
13.96
<0.001
Clopidogrel
17,667
8.03
9740
7.24
7927
9.26
<0.001
Warfarin
7325
3.33
4198
3.12
3127
3.65
<0.001
Metformin
48,257
21.93
33,803
25.14
14,454
16.88
<0.001
NSAIDs
151,508
68.84
95,432
70.98
56,076
65.48
<0.001
Statins
20,171
9.17
14,235
10.59
5936
6.93
<0.001
PPIs
91,831
41.73
45,818
34.08
46,013
53.73
<0.001
Steroids
118,048
53.64
59,845
44.51
58,203
67.96
<0.001
Immunosuppressants
1099
0.50
609
0.45
490
0.57
<0.001
Septic shock
111,754
50.78
43,310
32.21
68,444
79.92
<0.001
Endotracheal tube
73,098
33.21
27,647
20.56
45,451
53.07
<0.001
ICU admission
119,912
54.49
58,503
43.51
61,409
71.71
<0.001
Emergent hemodialysis
7600
3.45
2024
1.51
5576
6.51
<0.001
Hospital mortality rate
85,638
38.91
GI bleeding
<0.001
No
21,1718
96.20
129,952
96.66
81,766
95.48
Yes
8364
3.80
4492
3.34
3872
4.52
Stroke
0.104
No
216,701
98.46
132,333
98.43
84,368
98.52
Yes
3381
1.54
2111
1.57
1270
1.48
ICH
<0.001
No
218,067
99.08
13,3346
99.18
84,721
98.93
Yes
2015
0.92
1098
0.82
917
1.07
AMI
<0.001
No
216,592
98.41
132,830
98.8
83,762
97.81
Yes
3490
1.59
1614
1.2
1876
2.19
Infection origins
Central nervous
1382
0.63
870
0.65
512
0.60
0.153
Respiratory
87,748
39.87
47,674
35.46
40,074
46.79
<0.001
Cardiovascular
1614
0.73
1097
0.82
517
0.60
<0.001
Gastrointestinal/biliary
17,812
8.09
11,914
8.86
5898
6.89
<0.001
Genitourinary
66,518
30.22
50,467
37.54
16,051
18.74
<0.001
Soft tissue/musculoskeletal
10,960
4.98
8409
6.25
2551
2.98
<0.001
Device-related
3712
1.69
2729
2.03
983
1.15
<0.001
Others
17,651
8.02
12,923
9.61
4728
5.52
<0.001
Frequency of OPD visit# (median, IQR)
18 (10–27)
17 (10–27)
18 (11–28)
Frequency of ED visit# (median, IQR)
18 (10–27)
17 (10–27)
18 (11–28)
AMI, acute myocardial infarction; CCI score, Charlson comorbidity index score; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CLD, chronic liver disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ED, emergency department; GI, gastrointestinal; HTN, hypertension; ICH, intracranial hemorrhage; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; OPD, outpatient department; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; SD, standard deviation. ¶Use for more than 1 week within a one-year period prior to the index date. #Within a one-year period prior to the index date.
