Outcomes of Early versus Late Endotracheal Intubation in Patients with Initial Non-Shockable Rhythm Cardiopulmonary Arrest in the Emergency Department

Table 1

Study population characteristics.

Patient characteristics	All non-shockable rhythm cardiopulmonary arrest patients
	Time to advanced airway management ≤2 min (N = 209)		Time to advanced airway management >2 min (N = 207)		value
	n	%	n	%
Gender
(i) Male	125	49.60	127	50.40	0.764
(ii) Female	84	51.22	80	48.78
Age (years) mean (SD)	62.32	(19.49)	60.62	(17.99)	0.358
Initial location of cardiac arrest
(i) Out of hospital	166	50.46	163	49.54	0.904
(ii) In hospital	43	49.43	44	50.57
Etiology of cardiac arrest
(i) Presumed cardiac cause	126	53.85	108	46.15	0.216
(ii) Trauma	10	34.48	19	65.52
(iii) Hypoxia	39	49.58	40	50.63
(iv) Other medical causes	34	46.58	39	53.42
Witnessed cardiac arrest	151	51.01	145	48.99	0.666
Bystander CPR	25	56.82	19	43.18	0.421
Collapsed time to first chest compression (minute) mean (SD)	21.34	(24.46)	25.97	(31.24)	0.09
Initial rhythm of cardiac arrest
(i) Asystole	135	48.56	143	51.44	0.299
(ii) Pulseless electrical activity (PEA)	74	54.01	63	45.99
Time to first dose of epinephrine (minute) mean (SD) group (minute)	1.39	(2.15)	2.28	(2.69)	<0.001
(i) 0–2	169	57.29	126	42.71	<0.001
(ii) Over 2	38	32.20	80	67.80
Time to advanced airway management mean (SD)	1.16	(0.83)	5.87	(5.35)	—
Defibrillation during resuscitation	53	48.62	56	51.38	0.738
Intravenous amiodarone used during resuscitation	37	56.06	29	43.94	0.348
Intravenous calcium used during resuscitation	56	46.67	64	53.33	0.387
Intravenous sodium bicarbonate used during resuscitation	53	41.09	76	58.91	0.015