Abstract
Parasite of the genus Leishmania is reliant on the salvage pathway for recycling of ribonucleotides. A class I nuclease enzyme also known as P4 nuclease is involved in salvage of purines in cutaneous Leishmania species but the relevant enzymes have not been characterized in Leishmania infantum (L. infantum). The aim of this study was to clone and characterize the gene encoding class I nuclease in L. infantum. DNA extracted from L. infantum was used for amplification of P4 nuclease gene (Li-P4) by PCR. The product was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in E. coli for further characterization. Analysis of the sequence of Li-P4 revealed that the gene consists of an ORF of 951 bp. Sequence similarity analysis indicated that Li-P4 has a high homology to relevant enzymes of other kintoplastids with the highest homology (88%) to p1/s1 class I nuclease from L. donovani. Western blotting of antirecombinant Li-P4 with promastigote and amastigote stages of L. infantum showed that this nuclease is present in both stages of parasite with higher expression in amastigote stage. The highly conserved nature of this essential enzyme in Leishmania parasites suggests it as a promising drug target for leishmaniasis.
1. Introduction
Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania cause a spectrum of clinical disease, including cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Approximately 12 million people are infected with this parasite worldwide with 1.5–2 million new cases occurring each year [1]. Leishmania parasites are dimorphic organisms which exist as promastigotes in extracellular stage and in the sandfly midgut, and as amastigote that lives intracellularly in the phagolysosomes of macrophages in the mammalian host cells [2, 3]. Unfortunately, currently available treatment regimens are nonselective drugs with significant toxicity and limited efficacy [4, 5]. On the other hand, efforts aimed at the development of vaccines have only achieved low levels of protection in trials in human subjects [6, 7]. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify novel molecular targets that can be exploited for drug development, vaccine design, or both. Purine salvage pathway seems as an attractive target for drug development against Leishmania. Trypanosomatid protozoa such as Leishmania are purine auxotrophs and are totally dependent upon their hosts to provide purine nucleotides for their survival, growth, and multiplication [8, 9]. It has shown that Leishmania promastigotes possess a unique class I nuclease, [10, 11] that involves the salvage of preformed purines through the hydrolysis of either 3′-nucleotides or nucleic acids [12–16]. An intracellular amastigote-specific protein, P-4, with class I nuclease activity has also been identified in L. pifanoi by Kar et al. [17] and by our group in L. major [18]. However, there was no data about the presence and characteristics of this nuclease in L. infantum, the causative agent of infantile human leishmaniasis. The aim of this study was to clone and characterize the P4 nuclease from Leishmania infantum.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Parasite and DNA Extraction
In this study, Iranian strain of Leishmania infantum was used. Promastigotes were cultured at 26°C in RPMI 1640 medium with glutamine (Gibco BRL) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (Sigma-Aldrich). Organisms were harvested in logarithmic phase and washed with phosphate buffer saline (PBS, pH 7.2). Parasites were disrupted in lysis buffer (50 mM NaCl, 50 mM EDTA, 1% SDS, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0) and incubated overnight with proteinase K (100 mg/mL, Sigma-Aldrich) at 37°C. DNA was then purified by phenol-chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation.
2.2. PCR Amplification
A pair of primers was designed based on P4 gene sequence previously reported for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) strains: forward, 5′-CATATGTGGGGCTGCGTGGGTCACAT-3′ and reverse, 5′- TACTCGAGCACCTCGCTTCGGACG-3′ [19]. Each PCR reaction contained 200 ng DNA, 10 p mol each of forward and reverse primers, 1.5 mM Mgcl2, 200 μM dNTPs, 1 × PCR buffer, 2 unit of Pfu DNA polymerase (Fermentas) and up to 25 μL d H2O. PCR amplification was carried out in 94°C for 4 min, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 1 min, annealing at 60°C for 60 sec, and extension at 72°C for 60 sec with a final extension cycle at 72°C for 20 min. PCR products were electrophoresed on 1.5% agarose gel and stained by ethidium bromide. The DNA bands were visualized under an ultraviolet light (UV transilluminator) and documented.
2.3. Gene Cloning
The PCR product was purified by PCR product purification kit (Roche) and ligated into the pGEM-T easy vector (Promega). The ligation reaction was transformed into DH5α (Promega) competent cells and plated on Luria-Bertani (LB) agar, containing ampicillin (50 mg/mL), 5-bromo-4 chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactoside (X-gal: 20 mM), and Isopropyl thio-β-D-galactoside (IPTG: 200 mg/mL). The white colonies containing recombinant plasmid were selected [20] for plasmid extraction and PCR screening [21]. Then cloning was verified by restriction digestion and sequencing.
2.4. Expression and Purification
The pGEM vector containing Li-P4 gene was digested with Nde I and Xho I and the insert was purified, subcloned into the Nde I - Xho I digested pET28a (Novagen) expression vector and transformed into the E. coli BL21 (Novagen). The bacteria containing pET28a-Li-P4 was cultured in LB broth medium and grown until OD = 0.5. Expression of recombinant P4 was induced by addition of 25 μL of 1 mM IPTG then incubated for further 4 h at 37°C and analyzed by SDS-PAGE [22]. For purification of recombinant Li-P4, E. coli BL21 containing expression vector was cultured in 1 liter LB broth medium, and following induction with IPTG, the pellet was collected by centrifugation. The bacterial sediment was disrupted in 5 mL lysis buffer (, 50 mM NaH2PO4, 300 mM NaCl) by sonication, centrifuged for separation of soluble and insoluble fraction and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Since the recombinant protein was expressed as 6 His-tag fusion, the Ni-NTA column (Qiagen) was used for purification. Briefly, Li-P4 inclusion body was dissolved in lysis buffer containing 8 M urea and passed through Ni-NTA column that previously equilibrated with related buffer. The column was washed and recombinant protein was released and collected using 250 mM Imidazol. The purified protein then was dialysed against PBS and used for further experiments. Results of purification were controlled by %10 SDS-PAGE gels.
2.5. Production of Rabbit Antiserum against Recombinant Li-P4
An adult rabbit (New Zealand White) was immunized subcutaneously with 200 mg of purified rL-iP4 emulsified in an equal volume of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) (Sigma-Aldrich), followed by a subcutaneous boosting 2 weeks later with 100 μg of recombinant P4 protein in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA) (Sigma-Aldrich). Two weeks later, the rabbit was boosted intravenously with 50 μg of rLiP4, and blood was collected 1 week later.
2.6. Western Blotting
For determination of P4 nuclease, lysates of promastigotes and amastigotes of L. infantum were incubated with rabbit antiserum raised against rLi-P4 followed by incubation in 1/5000 dilution of HRP conjugated goat antirabbit IgG (Sigma-Aldrich). After washing to remove unbound antibodies, membranes were incubated in 1/5000 dilution of HRP conjugated goat antirabbit IgG (Sigma) and processed for ECL. The protocol for detection of Leishmania elongation factor-1a (as an internal control) in lysates of promastigotes and amastigotes using mouse monoclonal anti-EF-1a and HRP-conjugated antimouse IgG was as described previously [23].
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Gene Cloning
After culture, the Leishmania infantum was subjected to DNA extraction and Li-P4 gene amplification. PCR amplification of P4 nuclease gene from L. infantum results in a PCR product of 951 bp that was in expected size (Figure 1). The PCR product was cloned in the pGEM-T easy vector using T-A cloning method and confirmed by restriction digestion (Figure 2).
3.2. Sequencing and Multiple Alignments
Li-p4 was amplified from L. infantum amastigote using forward and reverse primers based on the sequence previously reported for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) strains. The PCR product was cloned into the pGEM-T easy vector and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence was submitted to the GeneBank/NCBI Data Base under accession number ABY27514.1. Result of sequencing revealed that the gene consists of an ORF of 951 base pairs with a predicted molecular mass of 33 kDa. Structural analysis using Signal P software showed a signal sequence consisting of the first 30 amino acids and two putative N-linked glycosylation sites (at amino acid residues 108 and 251). A search of the SWISSPRO database with the predicted amino acid sequence revealed a significant similarity to a number of proteins belonging to the Class I nuclease family as shown by the alignment using the ClustalW program (Figure 3) [24]. The protein with highest similarity to P4 nuclease was P1/S1 secretory nuclease of L. donovani (GenBank accession no. ABE69185.1) [23] (Figure 4). Other proteins with significant similarity were: p1/s1 nuclease of L. major (accession no. XP_001684745.1) [18], single-strand-specific nuclease from L. pifanoi (accession no. AAD48894.2), and P4 nuclease of L. amazonensis (accession no. AAO65599.1); identities and positivities between Li-P4 nuclease and each of these proteins are shown in Table 1. Analysis of the sequences for conserved domains using the NCBI protein blast tool showed that in spite of some heterogeneity in primary structure, all of these proteins contained a conserved nuclease domain specific to class I nuclease family.
3.3. Expression and Purification of Recombinant P4 Nuclease
For expression of recombinant Li-P4, the PCR product was subcloned in the NdeI-XhoI site of pET28a (Novagen) in frame with C-terminal 6His-tag and transformed into the E. coli Bl21 (Figure 5). Induction of recombinant protein expression by IPTG resulted in a high level of expression. The molecular mass was found to be 33 kDa, which was slightly higher than the native mature protein due to the addition of a Hexa-His-tag sequence. Purification of recombinant protein was performed by affinity chromatography on Ni-NTA resin, and fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE (Figure 6).
3.4. Differential Expression of P4 Protein in the Amastigotes
To examine further developmental regulation of expression of P4 nuclease in L. infantum, polyclonal rabbit antisera raised against recombinant Li-P4 were used to probe western blots containing lysates of promastigotes and amastigotes of L. infantum. As shown in Figure 7(a), a strongly reactive band of the expected mass (33 kDa) was observed in lysates of amastigotes (lane 3) but appeared fairly in lysates of procyclic or metacyclic promastigotes (lane 1 and 2, resp.). To ensure that equivalent amounts of promastigote and amastigote proteins were loaded and transferred for detection, a similar blot was incubated with monoclonal antibody against EF-1α (Upstate Biotechnology, USA), a protein that is expressed in all life cycle stages (Figure 7(b)). As it is shown in Figure 7(b), the abundance of EF-1α in promastigote samples (lane 1 and 2) was similar to that one in amastigote lysates (lane 3).
(a)
(b)
P-4 is a single-stranded specific class I nuclease that was identified initially in L. amazonensis [16] and then characterized in L. pifanoi by Kar et al. [17]. Recently, we isolated a class I nuclease gene from amastigotes of L. major [18]. In the present study we characterized this nuclease in L. infantum. Similarity analysis revealed that the sequence of corresponding protein from L. infantum has high sequence homology to the P4 nuclease of L. donovani, L. major, L. Pifanoi, and 3’-nucleotidase/nuclease enzymes previously described in different trypanosomatids [11]. The alignment results indicated the presence of 5 main conserved domains between these nucleases from different species.
The class I nuclease from promastigote stage of some Leishmania species have been extensively studied [8, 13, 19, 25, 26]. It has shown that expression of this nuclease upregulated significantly in response to purine starvation [13, 17] which is consistent with the opinion that class I nuclease enzyme plays a vital role in providing purines for growth and development of Leishmania parasites. Since there is no a homologue enzyme with similar properties in mammalian tissues, this enzyme can serve as a chemotherapeutic target for selective targeting of Leishmania during infection [11]. Considering that Leishmania is present as amastigotes in mammalian tissues and this stage is responsible for disease manifestations, the higher expression of the class I nuclease in amastigote stage further supports the use of this enzyme as a target.
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed that Li-P4 nuclease belongs to the class I nuclease group of enzymes that are highly expressed in amastigote stage of L. infantum and could be exploited as target for chemotherapy.