Noninvasive Approach to Focal Cortical Dysplasias: Clinical, EEG, and Neuroimaging Features

Table 1

Mean clinical features.

Patient	Age (years)	Onset sz (years)	Personal history	Sz/month	MRI (FCD)	Initial sz semiology	DTI (FA maps)	Irritative zone (IIS)
1	15	5	No	5/month	Left frontal − medial aspect of superior gyrus	Tonic elevation of R arm	No asymmetries
2	32	4	Prolonged labor	4/month	Left frontal − medial aspect of superior gyrus	Tonic posture of R arm	Moderate-to-severe asymmetries	ECDs
3	26	2	Febrile seizure	5/month	left parahippocampus	Auditory phenomena	No asymmetries
4	30	10	Febril seizure	6/month	Right temporal − anterior middle gyrus	Mnemonic (deja vu) and dyscognitive phenomena	Moderate-to-severe asymmetries	ECDs
5	29	9	No	3/month	Right frontal − medial gyrus	Clonic of L arm	No asymmetries	ECDs
6	27	4	No	4/month	Right frontal (transmantle) − superior and middle gyrus	Hyperkinetic pedal movements	Moderate-to-severe asymmetries	ECDs
7	23	4	No	10/month	Right frontal (transmantle) perirolandic	Clonic of L arm	Moderate-to-severe asymmetries	ECDs
8	23	4	Febril seizure	6/month	Left frontoparietal (transmantle)	Clonic and somatosensory (tingling) phenomena of R arm	No asymmetries
9	31	6 months	Perinatal infection	2/month	Right temporo-occipital	Mnemonic (deja vu) and dyscognitive phenomena	Moderate-to-severe asymmetries	ECDs
10	33	16	No	4/month	Right frontal (transmantle) middle gyrus	Tonic posture of L arm	Moderate-to-severe asymmetries	ECDs
11	5	5 months	Hypoxia	15/month	Right frontal anterior	Clonic of L arm	No asymmetries
12	19	3	Hypoxia	8/month	Left parietal	Tonic posture of R arm	No asymmetries
13	19	14	No	3/month	Right frontal (transmantle) - superior gyrus	L oculocephalic versive sz	Moderate-to-severe asymmetries	ECDs
14*	15	9 months	Febril seizure	Seizure free**	Right parietal + right HS	Mnemonic (deja vu) and dyscognitive phenomena	Moderate-to-severe asymmetries	ECDs
15	46	17	No	Seizure free**	Right frontal − middle gyrus	L hemiclonic movements	No asymmetries
16	5	5	No	3/month	Right frontal − middle gyrus	Clonic of L arm with Jacksonian march	No asymmetries
17*	23	3	No	14/month	Right frontal anterior	Tonic elevation of L arm	Moderate-to- severe asymmetries	ECDs
18	29	1	Febril seizure	4/month	Left frontal middle gyrus	Clonic of R arm
19	12	11	No	3/month	Right frontal middle gyrus	Tonic posture of L arm	Moderate-to-severe asymmetries	ECDs
20	9	2 months	No	3/month	Right parietal + Left frontal cavernoma	L oculocephalic versive sz	No asymmetries

R: right, L: left ISS: interictal spikes ECD: equivalent current dipoles FA maps: fractional anisotropy maps.
*Epilepsy surgery treatment.
**Improved seizure control after changes in antiepileptic drugs.