Geysers Valley CO₂ Cycling Geological Engine (Kamchatka, Russia)

Figure 7

Rise of the Geysernaya river level (+1.5 m) in a vicinity of Velikan geyser (#23) after mudflow of Jan. 3, 2014, is shown by blue dotted line. Horizontalny geyser (#26) is a river level marker (2014–2017). River water elevation coupled with erosion of river bottom (that served as a silica caprock for geysers reservoir) may cause cold water breakthrough into production geysers reservoir. Note also a small distance between river and Velikan geyser that is ≈40 m. Photo by A. V. Kiryukhin (Sept. 2013).