Advective Heat Transport and the Salt Chimney Effect: A Numerical Analysis

Figure 7

Fluid (a, c, e) and heat flow (b, d, f) patterns from models with shale sealing layers at variable depths. The shale units (dark shaded horizons) are modeled with a permeability of 1 × 10⁻¹⁷ m², and the remaining sediments retain the critical permeability of 2.5 × 10⁻¹⁵ m² except for the last model that was run with a slightly higher permeability of 5 × 10⁻¹⁵ m². Dark gray arrows denote general flow directions, while small black arrows are simulated mass (a, c, e) or heat (b, d, f) flux vectors (scaled by magnitude).