DEM Analysis and Simplified Calculation of Passive Earth Pressure on Retaining Walls Backfilled with Sand Considering Strain-Softening Behavior

<div>Schematic of substantial contact model in PFC.</div>

Geofluids

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Figure 3

Figure 3: DEM Analysis and Simplified Calculation of Passive Earth Pressure on Retaining Walls Backfilled with Sand Considering Strain-Softening Behavior 

Figure 3 | DEM Analysis and Simplified Calculation of Passive Earth Pressure on Retaining Walls Backfilled with Sand Considering Strain-Softening Behavior 