Mechanistic Roles of Noncoding RNAs in Lung Cancer Biology and Their Clinical Implications

Table 2

Involvement of miRNAs in lung cancer and technologies used for identification.

miRNA affected	Significance	Technology	Source tissue	References
Overexpression of miR-155, miR-21, and miR-106a.; Decreased expression of let-7a	Prognostic biomarker of adenocarcinoma patient survival	Oligonucleotide microchip	Primary LC cases and corresponding noncancerous tissues	[12]
Overexpression of miR-21	Candidate for molecular targets in treatment for LC in never-smokers	miRNA microarray assay on a CodeLink platform (miRNA oligo probe)	Matched pairs of LC and noncancerous lung tissues from never-smokers	[134]
Decreased expression of let-7	Shortened postoperative survival in NSCLC	RT-PCR	Tumor specimens	[30]
Decreased expression of miRNA-451	Expression negatively associated with lymph node metastasis, the stage of TNM classification and poor prognosis of NSCLC patients	qPCR, confirmed by northern blot analysis	Fresh tissue of NSCLC samples and the adjacent histologically normal tissue.	[171]
Overexpression of miR-92-1	Regulation of RAB14 gene at the translational level.; This might cause a decrease in the lung surfactant secretion, and loss of the protection of lung cells against external carcinogens	2D electrophoresis profiling and mass spectrometric analysis	SBC-3 cell line	[172]
Decreased expression of miR-30a	May function as a tumor suppressor, by targeting Snai1 and inhibiting migration, invasion, and metastasis	qPCR	A549 cell line and fresh snap-frozen surgical specimens of tumor tissues and of the corresponding normal specimens	[173]
Overexpression of miR-21	Overexpressed in tumor tissues relative to adjacent nontumor tissues.; Negative regulation of PTEN and promotion of cellular growth and invasion in NSCLC cells	qRT-PCR	Paired NSCLC and adjacent non-tumor lung tissues	[174]
Overexpression of miR-126	Inhibition of tumor growth in vivo by targeting EGFL7	Flow cytometry assay, qRT-PCR, and Western blot	A549 cell line	[175]
Decreased expression of miR-133B	Increased apoptosis in response to gemcitabine and reduced MCL-1 and BCL2L2 expression	Quantitative-reverse transcriptase (q-RT) PCR profiling	Frozen lung tumors (adenocarcinoma) and noninvolved adjacent lung and LC cell lines	[78]
Overexpression and gain of miR-17-92	Enhanced cell proliferation	Northern blot confirmed with RT-PCR, followed by southern blot	SCLC tissue and cell lines	[55]
Loss of miR-1	Inhibition of cell proliferation and invasion in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo, by targeting MET and FoxP1	qRT-PCR	Lung cancer tissue and cell lines	[59]
Hypermethylation of miR-34a	Avoidance of senescence	Methylation-specific PCR followed by qRT-PCR	Lung cancer cell lines	[57]
Overexpression of miR-25 and miR-223	Biomarker of NSCLC found in sera of NSCLC patients, but not in that of healthy donors	Solexa sequencing	Sera from NSCLC compared to healthy donor controls	[127]
Overexpression of miR-21 and miR-210, decreased expression of miR-486-5p	Biomarkers of malignant nodules identified by CT	qRT-PCR	Plasma from patients with malignant nodules compared to those with benign nodules and healthy controls	[133]