Swallowing in Parkinson Patients versus Healthy Controls: Reliability of Measurements in Videofluoroscopy

Table 2

Measurements in videofluoroscopy.

Method of measurement	Parameters
	Name	Definition	Rating scale or units
Temporal parameters	GPJo; (Glossopalatal junction opening)	Moment of separation of the tongue and soft palate.	Seconds
	GPJc; (Glossopalatal junction closure)	Moment of contact of the tongue and palate after bolus propulsion.
	GPJd; (Glossopalatal junction duration)	ΔT between GPJo and GPJc.
	VPJc; (Velopharyngeal junction closure)	Moment of first contact of the soft palate against the posterior pharyngeal wall.
	VPJo; (Velopharyngeal junction opening)	Moment of separation of the soft palate and the posterior pharyngeal wall with reentry of air in the retrolingual space from the nasopharynx.
	VPJd; (Velopharyngeal junction duration)	ΔT between VPJc and VPJo
	LVc; (Laryngeal vestibule closure)	Moment when laryngeal elevation results in making contact between the arytenoid cartilages and the underside of the epiglottis.
	LVo; (Laryngeal vestibule opening)	Moment of separation of the arytenoid cartilages and the underside of the epiglottis with reentry of air in the laryngeal vestibule.
	LVd; (Laryngeal vestibule duration)	ΔT between LVc and LVo
	UESo; (Upper esophageal sphincter opening)	Moment of opening of the esophagus with entry of either air or barium.
	UESc; (Upper esophageal sphincter closure)	Moment of closure of the esophagus after bolus transport.
	UESd; (Upper esophageal sphincter duration)	ΔT between UESo and UESc
	GPJo-LVc	ΔT between GPJo and LVc
	GPJo-UESo	ΔT between GPJo and UESo
	GPJo-UESc	ΔT between GPJo and UESc
	Aspiration-penetration	Moment of aspiration or penetration
Spatial and temporal parameters (hyoid motion)	Horizontal hyoid motion	Maximum horizontal (anterior) motion during swallowing act.	Millimeters
	Vertical hyoid motion	Maximum vertical motion during swallowing act.	Millimeters
	Duration vertical hyoid motion	Duration between initiation of swallow and moment of maximum vertical motion.	Seconds
	Duration horizontal hyoid motion	Duration between initiation of swallow and moment of maximum horizontal (anterior) motion.	Seconds
Visuoperceptual parameters^a	Preswallow anterior spill	Preswallow loss of bolus from the lips	Five-point scale (0–4)
	Preswallow posterior spill	Preswallow loss of bolus into the pharynx	Five-point scale (0–4)
	Lingual pumping	Preswallow involuntary repetitive tongue movements	Five-point scale (0–4)
	Swallow hesitancy	Delayed onset oral transport	Three-point scale (0–2)
	Piecemeal deglutition	Sequential swallowing on the same bolus	Five-point scale (0–4)
	Delayed initiation pharyngeal reflex	Delayed onset pharyngeal triggering	Three-point scale (0–2)
	Postswallow oral residue	Postswallow pooling in the oral cavity	Five-point scale (0–4)
	Postswallow vallecular pooling	Postswallow pooling in the valleculae	Three-point scale (0–2)
	Postswallow pyriform sinus pooling	Postswallow pooling in the pyriform sinuses	Three-point scale (0–2)
	Penetration aspiration scale (PAS) [20]	Penetration and/or aspiration	Eight-point scale (1–8)

^aLower scores refer to normal functioning whereas higher scores refer to more severe disability.