Review Article

Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity, and Gastrointestinal Cancer

Table 1

Definitions of metabolic syndrome.

WHO [3] IDF [23] AHA/NHLBI [21] ATP III [5] Japanese consensus [22]

 Impaired glucose regulation or hyperinsulinemia and more than two factorsWC and two or more risk factors at least 3 of Three or more of:WC and two or more risk factors
Abdominal obesityWaist: hip ratio ≥ 0.85 or BMI ≥30 kg/m2waist circumference at least
94 cm for Europoid men or 80 cm for Europoid women
90 cm for South Asian and South-East Asian men or 80 cm for South Asian and South-East Asian women
85 cm for Japanese men or 90 cm for Japanese women
WC (102 cm (40 inches) or higher in men
88 cm (35 inches) or higher in women)
Men: WC ≥ 102 cm
Women: WC ≥88 cm
Men: WC ≥ 85 cm
Women: WC ≥90 cm
Impaired glucose regulationFasting plasma ≥ 6.1 mmol/L or 2 h postglucose load ≥ 7.8 mmol/LFasting plasma ≥ 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) or previously diagnosed type 2 DMFasting plasma ≥ 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) or previously diagnosed type 2 DM110–126 mg/dL (6.1–7.0 mmol/L)Fasting plasma ≥ 110 mg/dL
HyperinsulinemiaFasting serum insulin > 1/3rd quartile for control groupNot includedNot includedNot includedNot included
Triglycerides≥150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L)≥150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L)≥150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L)≥150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L)≥150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L) or treatment for same
HDL concentrationNot includedMen: <40 mg/dL (1.03 mmol/L)
Women: <50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L)
Men: <40 mg/dL (1.03 mmol/L)
Women: <50 mg/dL (1.29 mmol/L)
Men: <40 mg/dL (1.03 mmol/L)
Women: <50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L)
<40 mg/dL (1.03 mmol/L)
Hypertension≥140/90 mmHg≥130/≥85 mmHg or treatment for sameelevated blood pressure 130/85 mmHg or higher or on medication≥130/≥80 mm Hg≥130/≥85 mm Hg or treatment for same
MicroalbuminuriaAlbumin/creatinine
ratio > 30 mg/g
Not includedNot includedNot includedNot included

WHO: World Health Organization; IDF: International Diabetes Federation; NHLBI: National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute; AHA: American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; ATP III: Adult Treatment Panel III, report of the National Cholesterol Education; WC: waist circumference; BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; HDL: high-density lipoprotein.