Lifestyle Characteristics and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Population-Based Study in Albania
Table 2
Distribution of lifestyle characteristics of participants with and without gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Variable
No GERD
GERD
OR (95% CI)b
P value
Smoking
<0.001 (2)
c
Current smoker
129 (67.9)a
61 (32.1)
12.3 (7.17–21.15)
<0.001
Former smoker
75 (78.9)
20 (21.1)
6.95 (3.57–13.5)
<0.001
Never smoker
521 (96.3)
20 (3.7)
1.00 (reference)
—
Alcohol consumption
No/Occasional intake
539 (89.4)
64 (10.6)
1.00 (reference)
0.006
Moderate/Heavy intake
152 (81.7)
34 (18.3)
1.88 (1.20–2.96)
Physical activity
<0.001 (2)
Low
150 (78.9)
40 (21.1)
6.32 (2.75–14.54)
0.004
Moderate
370 (53.9)
51 (12.1)
3.27 (1.45–7.36)
<0.001
High
166 (96.0)
7 (4.0)
1.00 (reference)
—
Fried food frequency
<0.001 (2)
Frequent consumption
266 (81.8)
59 (18.2)
3.13 (1.86–5.91)
<0.001
Moderate consumption
224 (90.0)
25 (10.0)
1.67 (0.87–3.20)
0.125
Rare/no consumption
239 (93.7)
16 (6.3)
1.00 (reference)
—
Meat consumption frequency
0.050 (2)
Frequent consumption
548 (85.9)
90 (14.1)
3.45 (0.82–14.50)
0.091
Moderate consumption
99 (92.5)
8 (7.5)
1.70 (0.35–8.33)
0.515
Rare/no consumption
42 (95.5)
2 (4.5)
1.00 (reference)
—
BMI (kg/m2)
26.2 (5.48)d
28.7 (5.91)
1.08 (1.04–1.13)
<0.001
BMI
<0.001 (2)
<25
265 (93.3)
19 (6.7)
1.00 (reference)
—
25–29.9
306 (87.9)
42 (12.1)
1.91 (1.09–3.37)
0.025
≥30
128 (76.2)
40 (23.8)
4.36 (2.43–7.83)
<0.001
Numbers and row percentages (in parentheses). Discrepancies in the totals are due to missing covariate values. Unadjusted (crude) odds ratios (ORs: GERD versus no GERD), 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), and P values from binary logistic regression. Overall P value and degrees of freedom (in parentheses). Median and interquartile range (in parentheses).
