The Relationship between H. pylori Infection and Osteoporosis in Japan
Table 2
Association between the likelihood of osteoporosis in bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis.
Covariates
Nonosteoporosis
Osteoporosis
Bivariate
Multivariate***
159 (79.5%)*
41 (20.5%)*
Standardized coefficient
OR (95% CI)
value
Standardized coefficient
OR (95% CI)
value
Patient profile
Age (years)
61.7 (±8.5)**
68.9 (±7.3)**
0.098
1.10 (1.06–1.15)
<0.001
0.124
1.13 (1.07–1.20)
<0.001
Sex
Male
87 (54.7)*
8 (19.5)*
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
Female
72 (45.3)*
33 (80.5)*
1.606
4.98 (2.17–11.47)
<0.001
1.561
4.77 (1.78–12.77)
0.002
BMI (kg/m2)
23.4 (±3.3)**
21.0 (±3.1)**
−0.244
0.78 (0.69–0.89)
<0.001
−0.238
0.79 (0.68–0.92)
0.002
Alcohol consumption
Nondrinker
91 (57.2)*
30 (74.2)*
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
Drinker
68 (42.8)*
11 (26.8)*
−0.841
0.43 (0.20–0.94)
0.035
0.163
1.18 (0.39–3.58)
0.774
Smoking
Nonsmoker
102 (64.2)*
36 (87.8)*
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
Smoker
57 (35.8)*
5 (12.2)*
−1.392
0.25 (0.09–0.67)
0.006
−0.198
0.82 (0.20–3.31)
0.781
H. pylori infection status
H. pylori infection
Negative
102 (64.2)*
16 (39.0)*
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
Positive
57 (35.8)*
25 (61.0)*
1.132
3.10 (1.52–6.33)
0.002
1.674
5.33 (1.73–16.42)
0.004
Comorbidity
Diabetes mellitus (type 2)
No
141 (88.7)*
39 (95.1)*
1.00 (reference)
Yes
18 (11.3)*
2 (4.9)*
−0.912
0.40 (0.09–1.81)
0.234
Hypertension
No
111 (69.8)*
31 (75.6)*
1.00 (reference)
Yes
48 (30.2)*
10 (24.4)*
−0.293
0.75 (0.34–1.64)
0.467
Internal medical therapies
Proton pump inhibitor (PPI)
Nonuser
114 (71.7)*
28 (68.3)*
1.00 (reference)
User
45 (28.3)*
13 (31.7)*
0.162
1.18 (0.56–2.47)
0.669
Low dose aspirin (LDA)
Nonuser
141 (88.7)*
37 (90.2)*
1.00 (reference)
User
18 (11.3)*
4 (9.8)*
−0.166
0.85 (0.27–2.65)
0.775
Lumber DXA
Bone mineral density (BMD) (g/cm2)
0.94 (±0.13)**
0.65 (±0.07)**
Young adult mean (YAM) (%)
90.4 (±12.3)**
63.4 (±6.5)**
Bone turnover marker
Bone specific ALP (BAP) (U/L)
22.0 (±6.5)**
24.4 (±5.7)**
0.055
1.06 (1.00–1.11)
0.038
0.045
1.05 (0.98–1.12)
0.184
Collagen type I cross-linked N telopeptide (NTX) (nmolBCE/L)
14.0 (±4.9)**
15.0 (±5.6)**
0.037
1.04 (0.97–1.11)
0.258
Upper GI findings
Reflux Esophagitis (RE)
No
151 (95.0)*
40 (97.6)*
1.00 (reference)
Yes
8 (5.0)*
1 (2.4)*
−0.751
0.47 (0.06–3.88)
0.485
LA-grade A
6
1
Grade B
2
0
Grade C
0
0
Grade D
0
0
Hiatal hernia
No
83 (52.2)*
26 (63.4)*
1.00 (reference)
Yes
76 (47.8)*
15 (36.6)*
−0.462
0.63 (0.31–1.28)
0.201
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
No
144 (90.6)*
30 (73.2)*
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
Yes
15 (9.4)*
11 (26.8)*
1.258
3.52 (1.47–8.42)
0.005
1.606
4.98 (1.51–16.45)
0.008
Endoscopic gastric mucosal atrophy (EGA)
1.7 (±1.8)**
2.4 (±2.2)**
0.185
1.20 (1.01–1.43)
0.039
−0.228
0.80 (0.60–1.05)
0.106
C-0
53
13
C-1
46
5
C-2
14
4
C-3
8
4
O-1
21
6
O-2
14
5
O-3
3
4
*Number (%).
**Median (±SD).
***Models adjusted for age, sex, BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking, H. pylori infection, BAP, PUD, and EGA.
Model square test: .
Nagelkerke .
Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test: .
Discriminant hitting ratio = 86.0%.
