Gastroenterology Research and Practice

Research Article

Helicobacter pylori Infection Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Hyperemesis Gravidarum: A Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Characteristics of studies on H. pylori infection in HG cases and controls.


First author, year	Study design	Country	Sample size	HG definition	Detection method of H. pylori	Gestational age when included in the study	Sources of pregnant women

Frigo, 1998 [16]	Case-control	Austria	234	Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >3 kg ketonuria	Serum IgG antibodies by FEI	—	—

Perez-Perez, 1999 [18]	Case-control	USA	89	Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >3 kg ketonuria	Serum cagA by ELISA	—	—

Koćak, 1999 [17]	Case-control	Turkey	211	Vomiting >3 times/day ketonuria	Serum IgG antibodies by FEI	7–16 weeks	141 Primigravida 70 Multigravida

Hayakawa, 2000 [19]	Case-control	Japan	63	Nausea and vomiting in first trimester	Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA	The first trimester	—

Sahin, 2000 [20]	Case-control	Turkey	120	Prolonged severe vomiting dehydration weight loss >5% ketonuria	Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA	—	—

Reymunde, 2001 [21]	Case-control	Puerto Rico	89	Daily nausea and vomiting in gestation weeks 6–16	Serum IgG antibodies not specified	6–16 weeks	—

Kazerooni, 2002 [24]	Case-control	Iran	107	Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >3 kg ketonuria	Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA	7–16 weeks	62 Primigravida 45 Multigravida

Bagis, 2002 [23]	Case-control	Turkey	30	Severe HG in the first 16 weeks of pregnancy	Endoscopy with biopsy + histological examination	16 weeks	—

Erdem, 2002 [22]	Case-control	Turkey	86	Vomiting >4 times/day weight loss >5% ketonuria	Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA	—	—

Berker, 2003 [27]	Case-control	Turkey	240	Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >5% ketonuria	Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA	10–14 weeks	55 Primigravida 105 Multigravida

Jacobson, 2003 [26]	Case-control	Canada	206	Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss ketonuria	Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA	7–19 weeks	—

Salimi-Khayati, 2003 [25]	Case-control	Iran	108	Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >5% ketonuria	Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA	6–16 weeks	93 Primigravida 15 Multigravida

Karaca, 2004 [31]	Case-control	Turkey	146	Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >5% ketonuria	Serum IgG antibodies by FEI	—	—

Cevrioglu, 2004 [30]	Case-control	Turkey	124	Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >5% ketonuria	Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA	The first 16 weeks	—

Xia, 2004 [29]	Case-control	China	172	Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >3 kg ketonuria	Serum specific IgG antibodies and CagA by ELISA	7–16 weeks	172 Multigravida

Jamal, 2004 [28]	Case-control	Iran	94	Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >3 kg ketonuria	Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA	7–16 weeks	49 Primigravida 45 Multigravida

Lee, 2005 [32]	Cross-sectional	USA	82	Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >5% ketonuria	Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA	—	—

Karadeniz, 2006 [34]	Case-control	Turkey	60	Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >5% ketonuria	Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA	8–14 weeks	—

Özcimen, 2006 [33]	Cross-sectional	Turkey	140	Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >3 kg ketonuria	Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA	—	—

Tuncel, 2006 [35]	Case-control	Turkey	138	Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >3 kg ketonuria	Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA	—	—

Hatziveis, 2007 [38]	Case-control	Greece	110	Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >3 kg ketonuria	Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA	8–14 weeks	39 Primigravida 71 Multigravida

Güney, 2007 [37]	Case-control	Turkey	60	Vomiting >4 times/day weight loss >5% ketonuria	Serum IgG antibodies not specified	7–12 weeks	—

Aytac, 2007 [36]	Case-control	Turkey	107	Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >5% ketonuria	Stool antigen by ELISA	8–13 weeks	—

Sandven, 2008 [39]	Case-control	Norway	488	ICD-9 Code 643.1	Serum IgG antibodies by EIA

Mansour, 2009 [40]	Case-control	Egypt	100	Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss ketonuria	Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA	10–16 weeks	67 Primigravida 33 Multigravida

Guven, 2011 [5]	Cross-sectional	Turkey	80	Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >5% ketonuria dehydration	Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA	7–12 weeks	—

Mansour, 2011 [4]	Case-control	Egypt	160	Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >3 kg ketonuria	Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA	10–16 weeks	—

Bezircioğlu, 2011 [3]	Case-control	Turkey	72	Vomiting >4 times/day weight loss ≥3 kg ketonuria	Stool antigen by ELISA	10–14 weeks	—

Epstein, 2012 [41]	Case-control	USA	82	Met the diagnosis of hyperemesis	Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA	—	—

Vikanes, 2013 [43]	Case-control	Norway	170	Long-lasting nausea and vomiting, weight loss, electrolyte disturbances	Serum IgG antibodies and CagA and VacA by EIA	17th and 22nd	—

Güngören, 2013 [42]	Case-control	Turkey	140	Vomiting 3 times/day weight loss ketone	Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA	Below the 20th week	—

Shaban, 2014 [6]	Case-control	Egypt	100	Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >5% or 3 kg ketonuria	Serum IgG antibodies by membrane-based immunoassay	5–12 weeks	36 Primigravida 64 Multigravida

HP: Helicobacter pylori; HG: hyperemesis gravidarum; FEI: fluorescent enzyme immunoassay; EIA: enzyme immunoassay; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.