Helicobacter pylori Infection Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Hyperemesis Gravidarum: A Meta-Analysis
Table 3
Subgroup analysis of the prevalence of H. pylori infection in HG cases versus controls.
Subgroup
Number of studies
Cases with HP (+)
Controls with HP (+)
OR 95% CI
Tests of heterogeneity
df
(%)
Region
Asia
20
769/1017
593/1121
3.27 [2.18, 4.91]
<0.001
5.71
68.04
19
<0.001
72.1
North America
5
109/203
28/345
2.33 [0.63, 8.62]
0.205
1.27
36.55
4
<0.001
89.1
Europe
3
157/331
166/437
1.55 [0.83, 2.91]
0.170
1.37
6.18
2
0.046
67.6
Africa
3
159/180
70/180
12.38 [7.12, 21.54]
<0.001
8.91
1.47
2
0.479
0
Oceania
1
95/105
60/129
3.34 [2.32, 4.81]
<0.001
6.35
0.00
0
—
—
Year
1996–2000
5
245/336
162/381
3.66 [1.17, 11.48]
0.026
2.23
35.41
4
<0.001
88.7
2001–2005
12
451/587
403/817
3.89 [2.10, 7.21]
<0.001
4.32
57.01
11
<0.001
80.7
2006–2010
8
307/547
278/641
2.01 [1.15, 3.49]
0.014
2.47
24.07
7
0.001
70.9
2011–2014
7
286/381
202/423
4.41 [1.72, 11.29]
0.002
3.09
39.71
6
<0.001
84.9
HP testing method
HpIgGAb
29
1240/1743
1017/2161
3.32 [2.28, 4.84]
<0.001
6.25
158.05
28
<0.001
82.3
HpSA
7
124/300
124/435
1.88 [1.33, 2.65]
0.0004
3.57
9.50
6
0.091
47.4
HpDNA PCR
2
45/124
10/79
5.87 [2.47, 13.93]
<0.001
4.02
0.63
1
0.43
0
HpIgAAb
1
13/27
40/97
1.32 [0.56, 3.12]
0.52
0.64
0.00
0
—
—
HpIgMAb
1
6/90
0/50
7.77 [0.43, 140.84]
0.17
1.39
0.00
0
—
—
histologically
1
19/20
5/10
19.00 [1.79, 201.68]
0.01
2.44
0.00
0
—
—
All studies
32
1289/1851
1045/1217
3.34 [2.32, 4.81]
<0.001
6.51
167.81
31
<0.001
81.5
HP: Helicobacter pylori; HG: hyperemesis gravidarum; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; df: degrees of freedom; HpIgGAb: H. pylori IgG antibodies; HpIgAAb: H. pylori IgA antibodies; HpIgMAb: H. pylori IgM antibodies; HpSA: H. pylori stool antigen; Hp DNA PCR: H. pylori genome by PCR.
