Diabetes and Insulin Therapy, but Not Metformin, Are Related to Hepatocellular Cancer Risk

Table 2

Distribution^a of 224 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases and 389 controls, and corresponding odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), according to history of diabetes (Italy, 2005–2012).

	HCC cases	Controls	OR^b (95% CI)
	(%)	(%)
Diabetes
No	154 (69.1)	332 (86.5)	1^c
Yes	69 (30.9)	52 (13.5)	2.25 (1.42–3.56)
Years of diabetes
10	9 (5.1)	7 (2.0)	2.96 (0.92–9.45)
10	12 (6.9)	3 (0.9)	5.33 (1.34–21.10)
Oral antidiabetic drugs
Nonusers	46 (20.6)	26 (6.8)	1^c
Users	23 (10.3)	26 (6.8)	0.51 (0.21–1.28)
Metformin
Nonusers	57 (25.6)	36 (9.4)	1^c
Users	12 (5.4)	16 (4.2)	0.44 (0.15–1.27)
Sulfonylureas
Nonusers	58 (26.0)	43 (11.2)	1^c
Users	11 (4.9)	9 (2.3)	0.88 (0.24–3.19)
Insulin
Nonusers	36 (16.1)	34 (8.9)	1^c
Users	33 (14.8)	18 (4.7)	1.90 (0.74–4.88)

^aThe sum does not add up to the total because of some missing values.
^bEstimates adjusted for age, sex, tobacco smoking, and alcohol drinking.
^cReference category.