Constipation and Laxative Use among Nursing Home Patients: Prevalence and Associations Derived from the Residents Assessment Instrument for Long-Term Care Facilities (interRAI LTCF)
Table 2
Associations between constipation and clinical health problems, medical diagnoses, and medications.
Variables
Univariable logistic regression1 OR (95% CI)4
value
Multivariable logistic regression2 OR (95% CI)
value
Mixed effects logistic regression3 OR (95% CI)
value
Age (years)
1.00 (0.97–1.04)
0.906
Gender (female)
1.06 (0.58–1.96)
0.842
BMI
0.95 (0.89–1.01)
0.112
Length of stay, years
1.07 (0.96–1.19)
0.255
CPS5 (scale 0–6)
1.16 (0.99–1.37)
0.069
Balance (scale 0–4)
1.69 (1.33–2.13)
<0.001
1.68 (1.25–2.27)
0.001
1.69 (1.23–2.32)
0.001
Urinary incontinence (scale 0–4)
1.44 (1.18–1.75)
<0.001
1.35 (1.06–1.71)
0.015
1.38 (1.07–1.78)
0.013
ADL5 long form (scale 0–28)
1.06 (1.03–1.09)
<0.001
CHESS5 (scale 0–5)
1.41 (1.10–1.81)
0.007
1.23 (0.90–1.68)
0.187
1.29 (0.92–1.81)
0.142
Maximum walking distance
0 = <5 m
0.44 (0.24–0.78)
0.006
1 = ≥5 m
Bed rails
2.54 (1.41–4.57)
0.002
COMM5 (scale 0–8)
1.17 (1.04–1.31)
0.007
Sleep during daytime
2.28 (1.21–4.30)
0.011
Fatigue (scale 0–4)
1.37 (1.05–1.79)
0.021
Time involved in activities
No time
Reference
<1/3 of daytime
0.69 (0.30–1.60)
0.392
≥1/3 to 2/3 of daytime
0.64 (0.27–1.50)
0.306
>2/3 of daytime
0.22 (0.06–0.76)
0.016
Dehydrated
2.11 (1.10–4.05)
0.025
Type of food
0 = regular
2.27 (1.16–4.44)
0.017
1 = soft/liquid
Pressure ulcer
2.17 (1.08–4.36)
0.029
Hypothyroidism
4.29 (1.26–14.59)
0.029
7.63 (1.86–31.34)
0.005
8.59 (1.79–41.21)
0.007
Fecal incontinence
1.87 (1.05–3.33)
0.034
Parkinson’s disease
3.03 (0.98–9.49)
0.055
5.96 (1.36–26.18)
0.018
7.03 (1.49–33.30)
0.014
Stroke
1.87 (0.89–3.77)
0.098
2.34 (0.94–5.80)
0.073
2.14 (0.79–5.74)
0.133
Univariable logistic regression performed with constipation as dependent variable and explored by a range of covariates. 2Multiple logistic regression, covariates selected by direct variable selection with and/or the highest impact (Log likelihood, McFadden’s ) on constipation in the univariable logistic regression analyses. 3Mixed effect logistic regression, NH units defined as grouping variable (cluster) to investigate the impact of NH units, and whether the grouping of data significantly affected the results. The estimated intracluster correlation coefficient, ICC = 0.097. The likelihood ratio test for testing if the data required a multilevel model resulted in meaning that a multilevel model will not significantly improve the analyses of the data. 4Results are presented as odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and values. 5CPS = Cognitive Performance Scale, ADL = activity of daily living, CHESS = Changes in Health, End-Stage Disease, Signs, and Symptom Scale, COMM = Communication Scale.
