Younger Age Is Associated with Poorer Survival in Patients with Signet-Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Colon without Distant Metastasis

Huang, Ben; Ni, Mengdong; Chen, Chen; Feng, Yang; Cai, Sanjun

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2913493

Gastroenterology Research and Practice

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2016 | Article ID 2913493 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2913493

Younger Age Is Associated with Poorer Survival in Patients with Signet-Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Colon without Distant Metastasis

Ben Huang,¹Mengdong Ni,¹Chen Chen,¹Yang Feng,¹and Sanjun Cai¹

Academic Editor: Daniele Marrelli

Received18 Jul 2016

Revised02 Oct 2016

Accepted19 Oct 2016

Published22 Nov 2016

Abstract

Background. In general, younger age is associated with better survival in patients with colon cancer. In this study, we aim to analyze the impact of age on cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with signet-ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) of the colon, a particularly aggressive type of colon cancer. Methods. Information on patients with SRCC of the colon with no distant metastasis was extracted from the US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. An X-tile plot was used to determine the optimal cutoff age at diagnosis. Results. A total of 776 patients were included in data analysis. The X-tile program revealed an optimal cutoff at 35 years of age. A higher percentage of stage III disease and a higher percentage of N2 disease were observed in patients ≤ 35 years of age. The multivariate Cox proportional model demonstrated that patients ≤ 35 years of age were more likely to have a poorer survival outcome compared with patients aged >35 years (HR 1.411, 95% CI 1.032–1.929, and ). Conclusion. In contrast to the association of younger age with better survival in colon cancer patients, younger age (≤35 years) is associated with poorer survival outcome in patients with SRCC of the colon without distant metastasis.

1. Introduction

Signet-ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) is a rare but distinct subtype of colon cancer and makes up roughly 1% of all colorectal cancer cases [1–5]. It is a very aggressive form of colon cancer [1, 6] and is associated with poor biological behaviors, including poor differentiation [1, 2], perineural or lymphovascular invasion [1, 7], and lymph node involvement [4, 8]. From a molecular biological perspective, colorectal SRCC is also recognized as a unique tumor entity, inclining to have high levels of BRAF mutations, KRAS mutations, and CpG island methylation [7, 9, 10].

The incidence rate of colorectal cancer has been decreasing over the past three decades [11], mostly due to the decline in adenocarcinoma [12]. By contrast, the incidence rate of SRCC has slightly increased over the past few years, probably due to increasing recognition of the disease in daily practice [12]. Hitherto, the prognostic determinants of SRCC remain largely undefined. Lee et al. [13] studied 19 patients with primary SRCC of the colon and rectum who underwent curative surgery and found that these patients had a poorer prognosis compared to other types of colorectal cancer. Belli et al. [14] reported a retrospective series of 22 colorectal SRCC patients and they found that these patients were diagnosed at an advanced stage and that, among others, tumor site and TNM stage had significant effect on survival.

Colorectal SRCC is noted for a significantly higher proportion of younger patients compared to non-SRCC colorectal cancer. A large population-based study, including 196,757 cases of colorectal cancer, showed that 7.7% of SRCC patients were under the age of 45 years, whereas only 2.7% of colorectal adenocarcinoma patients were younger than 45 years of age [3]. Li et al. [15] evaluated 69,835 patients with colorectal cancer in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and found a significantly higher rate of SRCC in patients younger than 40 years of age (2.8%) than those older than 40 years of age (0.8%).

For patients with colorectal cancer in general, younger age is associated with better or comparable survival [15–19]. Currently, scant knowledge is available on the prognostic value of younger age in SRCC of the colon. Considering the aggressive biological behavior and extremely poor oncologic outcomes of SRCC of the colon, we hypothesized that younger patients with this particular histological subtype of colon cancer may harbor a biologically aggressive phenotype and have worse prognosis than older patients. The SEER database contains 18 cancer registries covering 26% of the US population, collecting and providing cancer incidence and survival data. To address this hypothesis, we analyzed the cancer-specific survival (CSS) of patients with SRCC of the colon without distant metastasis in the SEER database and determined the prognostic value of age and other variables for CSS. Subgroup analysis was conducted in stage I/II and stage III SRCC of the colon.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Patient Selection

We extracted the demographic and clinicopathological records of invasive colon cancer patients from January 1988 to December 2011 from the SEER database (http://seer.cancer.gov/, April 2013 release). Patients meeting the following criteria were included in the current analysis: (1) age between 18 and 74 years at the time of diagnosis; (2) pathologically confirmed SRCC of the colon; (3) known depth of invasion and lymph node status; (4) at least 12 lymph nodes harvested; (5) colon cancer surgically resected with pathology specimen; (6) known survival time and cause of death. Patients were excluded if (1) they underwent only local tumor excision; (2) diagnosis of colon cancer was obtained from death certificate or by autopsy; (3) there was distant metastasis of colon cancer (AJCC stage M0); (4) there were other concurrent malignancies. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center Ethical Committee and Institutional Review Board. Informed consent is not applicable since the study was based on a publicly available database (the SEER database).

2.2. Outcome Measures

Data on the following variables were retrieved from the SEER database: gender, race, age at diagnosis, years of diagnosis, pathological grade, number of primary lesions, number of lymph nodes harvested and positive lymph nodes (N0, N1, and N2), and depth of local invasion (T1, T2, T3, and T4), American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM stage, radiation sequence with surgery, follow-up duration, and SEER cancer-specific death classification. All cases were restaged by the 7th AJCC TNM staging system. In this study, the right colon refers to the cecum, the ascending colon, the hepatic flexure of the colon, and the transverse colon, whereas the left colon refers the splenic flexure of the colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

CSS was the primary endpoint of our study and was calculated from the time of diagnosis to the time of colon cancer-specific death. Patients who died from other causes or were alive at the last follow-up were censored. We employed the X-tile software (http://medicine.yale.edu/lab/rimm/research/software.aspx) (Yale School of Medicine, CT, USA) to determine the optimal cutoff age at diagnosis using the minimum values from log-rank chi-squared statistics for stratification of patients into the high or low risk group [20]. The X-tile plots allow a single, global assessment of every possible way of dividing a population into low and high risk for survival. In the X-tile analysis, data are displayed in the -axis where each point reflects a different cutoff point. The intensity of color in the grid indicates the strength of association, in this study, between age at diagnosis and CSS. Patient data stratified by the cutoff age were summarized using cross-tabulation, and the distributions were compared using chi-squared tests.

Survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method. In addition, log-rank test was used for univariate analysis and variables with a value < 0.1 were entered into the Cox proportion hazard regression model. Multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to generate adjusted hazards ratios (HR) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup analyses were conducted in stage I/II and stage III SRCC of the colon. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 20.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A two-sided value of less than 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.

3. Results

3.1. Demographic and Baseline Characteristics of SRCC Patients

Seven hundred seventy-six cases (432 men and 344 women) from the SEER database were included in data analysis. The sample was predominantly Caucasian (82.1%). Patient demographic and clinicopathological features are shown in Table 1. Their mean age at diagnosis was 56 years and 90.0% (698) of them were aged more than 35 years. The median follow-up duration was 27 (interquartile range, 12 to 64) months. The primary lesion was in the right colon in 78.9% of the cases. Most patients (89.7%) had poor or undifferentiated SRCC. Furthermore, 400 (51.6%) subjects had metastasis in more than three lymph nodes (N₂). TNM stage III cases were the most common, accounting for 74.9% (581), and stage I cases the least common 4.5% (35). Moreover, compared to patients > 35 years of age, patients ≤ 35 years of age had a significantly higher proportion of non-Caucasians (35.9% versus 15.9%, ) and a markedly greater percentage of N₂ SRCC (73.1% versus 49.1%, ) and stage III SRCC (89.7% versus 73.2%, ) (Table 1).

3.2. Impact of Age on Survival of SRCC Patients

In this study, 318 (41.0%) colon cancer-specific deaths were observed. The one-year CSS stood at 83.8%, the three-year CSS at 59.8%, and the five-year CSS at 52.2% for the entire cohort (Figure 1(a)). Kaplan-Meier analyses showed that younger patients had poorer CSS than older patients ( at a cutoff of 30 years of age, Figure 1(b); at a cutoff of 35 years of age, Figure 1(c); at a cutoff of 40 years of age, Figure 1(d)). An X-tile analysis indicated optimal cutoff age at 35 years (Figure 2). When 35 years of age was used as the optimal cutoff to stratify patient survival, the Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients ≤ 35 years of age had poorer CSS compared with patients > 35 years and the 5-year CSS was 31.1% and 54.9% in patients ≤ 35 years and patients > 35 years () (Figure 1(c)). An analysis using the multivariate Cox proportional model further demonstrated that age was an independent prognostic factor for CSS. Patients ≤ 35 years of age were more likely to have a poorer survival outcome compared with patients aged > 35 years (HR 1.411, 95% CI 1.032–1.929, and ) (Table 3).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 2

X-tile plot of age at diagnosis in the SEER cohort of patients with SRCC of the colon. -axis represents all age cutoff values from low to high (left to right) to define the high and low subset. Brighter pixels indicate stronger association between age at diagnosis and cancer-specific survival (CSS). The plot shows the brightest pixel (marked by the black circle) when the study cohort is divided into the high and low subset using 35 years of age as the cutoff. Green color indicates continuous direct association between increasing age at diagnosis and greater CSS.

Our univariate analysis showed that, apart from age, primary site (), N and T stage ( in both) were prognostic determinants of CSS (Table 2). Analysis using a multivariate Cox proportional model suggested that, in addition to age at diagnosis, N and T stages were independent determinants of CSS of SRCC patients from the SEER database ( in both) (Table 3). Compared to N0 stage patients, N2 stage patients were more than 6 times more likely to succumb to SRCC (HR 6.392, 95% CI 4.102–9.961, and ). However, multivariate analysis revealed no significant difference between SRCC patients with T1 stage and T4 stage (HR: 3.988; 95% CI: 0.970–16.391, ).

Kaplan-Meier curves for stage I, stage II, and stage III SRCC patients were shown in Figure 3(a). In the planned subgroup analysis, the association between young age (35 years as the cutoff) and poor CSS was not observed in patients with stage I/II SRCC () (Figure 3(b)). By contrast, stage III SRCC patients ≤ 35 years of age had a significantly lower CSS compared with those > 35 years (), the 5-year CSS was 23.4% and 42.5% in patients ≤ 35 years and patients > 35 years (Figure 3(c)). Multivariate Cox proportional model was further conducted in stage III SRCC patients. Consistently, age (), N stage (), and T stage () were independent prognostic determinants of CSS for stage III SRCC patients (Table 4). Compared with stage III SRCC >35 years of age, patients ≤ 35 years of age were more likely to have a poorer CSS (HR, 1.416, 95% CI 1.027–1.951, ) (Table 4).

(a)

(b)

(c)

4. Discussion

Colorectal SRCC often presents as advanced tumors [4, 21], with metastases at multiple sites, especially peritoneal carcinomatosis [8, 21–23]. The disease is typically diagnosed at an advanced TNM stage [2–4] and has a dismal clinical outcome. However, the prognostic determinants of colorectal SRCC remain largely undefined. In the current study, we analyzed the demographic and clinicopathological variables of 776 cases of SRCC of the colon without distant metastasis in the SEER database. We demonstrated a five-year CSS of 52.2% for the SRCC cohort from the SEER database. The major finding is poor survival in young patients, with an optimal cutoff at 35 years of age. The most recent studies, however, reported that age showed no correlation with survival in patients with colorectal SRCC. Wang et al. [24] analyzed 59 patients with colorectal SRCC and found that age (40 years old as cutoff value) was not a prognostic factor for survival. Kakar and Smyrk [25] reported that age (70 years old as cutoff value) was not significantly associated with survival in a study including 72 patients with SRCC of the colorectum.

Colorectal SRCC tends to occur in younger patients compared to non-SRCC colorectal cancer. It remains controversial whether younger colorectal cancer patients had comparable or better prognosis versus older patients [15, 18, 19, 26–28]. We found that younger patients with SRCC of the colon without distant metastasis (≤35 years of age) fared poorer in CSS compared with older patients (>35 years of age). A preplanned subgroup analysis confirmed the association of young age with poor outcome in patients with stage III SRCC but not stage I/II disease. Also, a markedly higher percentage of N2 SRCC and a markedly higher percentage of stage III SRCC were observed in younger patients (≤35 years of age). Younger patients may mistakenly believe that they are unlikely to harbor malignant tumors and consequently seek medical attention at a more advanced stage of SRCC. Equally likely, physicians may miss malignancy in younger SRCC patients due to lowered suspicion, thus missing the best time of treatment. These phenomena may partially contribute to our findings. Also, the late occurrence of clinical symptoms in patients with colorectal SRCC may lead to delay in diagnosis [29, 30].

The unfathomed distinct genetic basis of young-onset SRCC of the colon may contribute to the poor survival outcomes. As a subtype of colorectal cancer with poor survival, SRCC has intrinsic genetic events that are responsible for its highly malignant nature [1]. Colorectal SRCC has more frequent BRAF mutations and MLH1 loss, less frequent 18q LOH, and lower COX2 levels [31], when compared with non-SRCC colorectal cancer. MSI-H status is closely associated with signet-ring cell differentiation with rates ranging from 43 to 86% in different studies [32–34]; however, no recognized rate has been reported yet due to small sample size. Likewise, young-onset colorectal cancer also has distinct genetic basis. Many studies have reported a higher frequency of MSI positive colorectal cancers in very young patients [35–37]. Morris et al. [35] showed that, besides MSI, colorectal cancer in young patients correlated well with various molecular features of tumors, such as higher rates of TP-53 mutation and lower rates of BRAF and KRAS mutations. However, the exact genetic features of young-onset SRCC of the colon have been rarely reported. A small number of reports of genetic changes in young colorectal SRCC patients and young patients with SRCC in other body sites such as the stomach are available [38–41]; therefore, further comparative studies of larger patient sample sizes are needed to delineate the genetic peculiarity of young-onset SRCC of the colon.

Based on the data from the SEER database, our study explores the prognostic role of age in determining survival outcomes of patients with SRCC of the colon. Since SRCC is a rare histological cancer subtype, current knowledge was mostly derived from single institution studies based on small population sizes [6, 23]. We utilized the SEER database to ensure a large sample size, and, to be specific, our study included a total of 776 patients. However, there are still several limitations in our study. Although SEER is a large population-based database, the stratification by tumor stage reduced the number of subjects in each study group and statistical power. One remarkable limitation is that the homogeneity of our study population may be impaired by the long study period because there have been rapid developments in colon cancer screening, diagnosing, imaging, and treating during the years from 1988 to 2011. An additional limitation is that some important patient- and disease-related information cannot be obtained from the SEER database, such as intestinal obstruction or penetration, comorbidities, surgical margin status, and data on adjuvant chemotherapy. Furthermore, the SEER database does not have records on family history or molecular biology information; however, such information may be a valuable addition to current data and may help clarify and further understand the risk factors for young-onset SRCC of the colon.

5. Conclusion

In conclusion, our analysis indicated that, in contrast to the association of younger age with better survival in colon cancer patients, younger age is associated with a worse survival in patients with SRCC of the colon without distant metastasis, particularly in patients with stage III disease. Further studies are warranted to uncover potential molecular and genetic characteristics of young patients with SRCC of the colon.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there are no competing interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Authors’ Contributions

Ben Huang and Mengdong Ni contributed equally to this work.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank SEER program for public access to the database.

References

U. Nitsche, A. Zimmermann, C. Späth et al., “Mucinous and signet-ring cell colorectal cancers differ from classical adenocarcinomas in tumor biology and prognosis,” Annals of Surgery, vol. 258, no. 5, pp. 775–783, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. R. Hyngstrom, C.-Y. Hu, Y. Xing et al., “Clinicopathology and outcomes for mucinous and signet ring colorectal adenocarcinoma: analysis from the National Cancer Data Base,” Annals of Surgical Oncology, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 2814–2821, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Hugen, R. H. Verhoeven, V. E. Lemmens et al., “Colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma: benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy but a poor prognostic factor,” International Journal of Cancer, vol. 136, no. 2, pp. 333–339, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M.-H. Chew, S.-A. E. Yeo, Z.-P. Ng et al., “Critical analysis of mucin and signet ring cell as prognostic factors in an Asian population of 2,764 sporadic colorectal cancers,” International Journal of Colorectal Disease, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 1221–1229, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Song, S.-J. Wu, Y.-L. He et al., “Clinicopathologic features and survival of patients with colorectal mucinous, signet-ring cell or non-mucinous adenocarcinoma: experience at an institution in southern China,” Chinese Medical Journal, vol. 122, no. 13, pp. 1486–1491, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Arifi, O. Elmesbahi, and A. A. Riffi, “Primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the colon and rectum,” Bulletin du Cancer, vol. 102, no. 10, pp. 880–888, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. J. Hartman, M. N. Nikiforova, D. T. Chang et al., “Signet ring cell colorectal carcinoma: a distinct subset of mucin-poor microsatellite-stable signet ring cell carcinoma associated with dismal prognosis,” The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, vol. 37, no. 7, pp. 969–977, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Makino, T. Tsujinaka, H. Mishima et al., “Primary signet-ring cell carcinoma of the colon and rectum: report of eight cases and review of 154 Japanese cases,” Hepato-Gastroenterology, vol. 53, no. 72, pp. 845–849, 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
V. Gopalan, R. A. Smith, Y.-H. Ho, and A. K.-Y. Lam, “Signet-ring cell carcinoma of colorectum—current perspectives and molecular biology,” International Journal of Colorectal Disease, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 127–133, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Kakar, G. Deng, T. C. Smyrk, L. Cun, V. Sahai, and Y. S. Kim, “Loss of heterozygosity, aberrant methylation, BRAF mutation and KRAS mutation in colorectal signet ring cell carcinoma,” Modern Pathology, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 1040–1047, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. L. Siegel, K. D. Miller, and A. Jemal, “Cancer statistics, 2016,” CA: Cancer Journal for Clinicians, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 7–30, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Kang, J. B. O'Connell, M. A. Maggard, J. Sack, and C. Y. Ko, “A 10-year outcomes evaluation of mucinous and signet-ring cell carcinoma of the colon and rectum,” Diseases of the Colon and Rectum, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 1161–1168, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H.-S. Lee, J. S. Soh, S. Lee et al., “Clinical features and prognosis of resectable primary colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma,” Intestinal Research, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 332–338, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Belli, H. O. Aytac, E. Karagulle, H. Yabanoglu, F. Kayaselcuk, and S. Yildirim, “Outcomes of surgical treatment of primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the colon and rectum: 22 cases reviewed with literature,” International Surgery, vol. 99, no. 6, pp. 691–698, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. Li, G. Cai, D. Li, Y. Wang, C. Zhuo, and S. Cai, “Better long-term survival in young patients with non-metastatic colorectal cancer after surgery, an analysis of 69,835 patients in SEER database,” PLoS ONE, vol. 9, no. 4, Article ID e93756, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Wang, M. J. Wang, and J. Ping, “Clinicopathological features and survival outcomes of colorectal cancer in young versus elderly: a population-based cohort study of SEER 9 registries data (1988–2011),” Medicine (Baltimore), vol. 94, no. 35, Article ID e1402, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Murata, T. Akiyoshi, M. Ueno et al., “Clinicopathological characteristics of young patients with sporadic colorectal cancer,” Surgery Today, vol. 46, no. 10, pp. 1166–1175, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Li, J.-Y. Li, A.-L. Zhao, and J. Gu, “Do young patients with colorectal cancer have a poorer prognosis than old patients?” Journal of Surgical Research, vol. 167, no. 2, pp. 231–236, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. S. Schellerer, S. Merkel, S. C. Schumann et al., “Despite aggressive histopathology survival is not impaired in young patients with colorectal cancer: CRC in patients under 50 years of age,” International Journal of Colorectal Disease, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 71–79, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. L. Camp, M. Dolled-Filhart, and D. L. Rimm, “X-tile: a new bio-informatics tool for biomarker assessment and outcome-based cut-point optimization,” Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 10, no. 21, pp. 7252–7259, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J.-S. Chen, P.-S. Hsieh, J.-M. Chiang et al., “Clinical outcome of signet ring cell carcinoma and mucinous adenocarcinoma of the colon,” Chang Gung Medical Journal, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 51–57, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
N. Hugen, C. J. H. van de Velde, J. H. W. de Wilt, and I. D. Nagtegaal, “Metastatic pattern in colorectal cancer is strongly influenced by histological subtype,” Annals of Oncology, vol. 25, no. 3, Article ID mdt591, pp. 651–657, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S.-Y. Tung, C.-S. Wu, and P.-C. Chen, “Primary signet ring cell carcinoma of colorectum: an age- and sex-matched controlled study,” The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 91, no. 10, pp. 2195–2199, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Wang, X. Ma, Y. Li et al., “The characteristics and prognostic effect of E-cadherin expression in colorectal signet ring cell carcinoma,” PLoS ONE, vol. 11, no. 8, Article ID e0160527, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Kakar and T. C. Smyrk, “Signet ring cell carcinoma of the colorectum: correlations between microsatellite instability, clinicopathologic features and survival,” Modern Pathology, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 244–249, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. C. Taylor, D. Pounder, N. H. Ali-Ridha, A. Bodurtha, and E. C. MacMullin, “Prognostic factors in colorectal carcinoma of young adults,” Canadian Journal of Surgery, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 150–153, 1988.
View at: Google Scholar
J. C. Cusack, G. G. Giacco, K. Cleary et al., “Survival factors in 186 patients younger than 40 years old with colorectal adenocarcinoma,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons, vol. 183, no. 2, pp. 105–112, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
K. Marble, S. Banerjee, and L. Greenwald, “Colorectal carcinoma in young patients,” Journal of Surgical Oncology, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 179–182, 1992.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. S. Ooi, Y. H. Ho, K. W. Eu, and F. S. Choen, “Primary colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma in Singapore,” ANZ Journal of Surgery, vol. 71, no. 12, pp. 703–706, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K.-I. Fu, Y. Sano, S. Kato et al., “Primary signet-ring cell carcinoma of the colon at early stage: a case report and a review of the literature,” World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 12, no. 21, pp. 3446–3449, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Ogino, M. Brahmandam, M. Cantor et al., “Distinct molecular features of colorectal carcinoma with signet ring cell component and colorectal carcinoma with mucinous component,” Modern Pathology, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 59–68, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Alexander, T. Watanabe, T.-T. Wu, A. Rashid, S. Li, and S. R. Hamilton, “Histopathological identification of colon cancer with microsatellite instability,” American Journal of Pathology, vol. 158, no. 2, pp. 527–535, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. K. Greenson, J. D. Bonner, O. Ben-Yzhak et al., “Phenotype of microsatellite unstable colorectal carcinomas: well-differentiated and focally mucinous tumors and the absence of dirty necrosis correlate with microsatellite instability,” The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 563–570, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Shia, N. A. Ellis, P. B. Paty et al., “Value of histopathology in predicting microsatellite instability in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and sporadic colorectal cancer,” The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 1407–1417, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Morris, C. Platell, and B. Iacopetta, “A population-based study of age-related variation in clinicopathological features, molecular. Markers and outcome from colorectal cancer,” Anticancer Research, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 2833–2838, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar
J. T. Liang, K. C. Huang, A. L. Cheng, Y. M. Jeng, M. S. Wu, and S. M. Wang, “Clinicopathological and molecular biological features of colorectal cancer in patients less than 40 years of age,” British Journal of Surgery, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 205–214, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. M. Farrington, A. J. McKinley, A. D. Carothers et al., “Evidence for an age-related influence of microsatellite instability on colorectal cancer survival,” International Journal of Cancer, vol. 98, no. 6, pp. 844–850, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. R. Brooks-Wilson, P. Kaurah, G. Suriano et al., “Germline E-cadherin mutations in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: assessment of 42 new families and review of genetic screening criteria,” Journal of Medical Genetics, vol. 41, no. 7, pp. 508–517, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Guilford, J. Hopkins, J. Harraway et al., “E-cadherin germline mutations in familial gastric cancer,” Nature, vol. 392, no. 6674, pp. 402–405, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. A. Gayther, K. L. Gorringe, S. J. Ramus et al., “Identification of germ-line E-cadherin mutations in gastric cancer families of European origin,” Cancer Research, vol. 58, no. 18, pp. 4086–4089, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
R. S. Van der Post, I. P. Vogelaar, F. Carneiro et al., “Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: updated clinical guidelines with an emphasis on germline CDH1 mutation carriers,” Journal of Medical Genetics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 361–374, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2016 Ben Huang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

6865

Downloads

1058

Citations