The Role of H. pylori CagA in Regulating Hormones of Functional Dyspepsia Patients

Table 1

Possible relationship between H. pylori and several hormones.

		Relative enzymes	Possible signaling; pathway	Altered; hormones	Receptors	Consequence
CagA (+); H. pylori; strains	To play a role in the regulation of hormones; by certain factors such as CagA, CagL, MP1,; IL-17, IL-8,; or abnormal autonomic nervous system	TPH1	NF-kB	5-HT	5-HTR 2A/3A	Dyspepsia
					5-HTR 4	Delayed gastric emptying
		GOAT	P13K-Akt	Ghrelin	GHSR	Decreased motility; Lower acid secretion; Anorexia
		Monoamine oxidase; or COMT	cAMP ↑ →; PKA↑	Dopamine	D1/D5	Psychotic
			AC activation ↓		D2/D3/D4	Gastroduodenal lesion; Tumor
		GC-GR compound	HPA axis	Cortisol	GR	Host defense mechanism recedes; H. pylori colonization
		Cag PAI	MP1 signaling	Gastrin	CCK2Rs	Increased gastric acid; Atrophy gastritis
		CCK	HPA axis	Somatostatin	SSTR	Decreased gastric acid; Chronic gastritis

TPH1: tryptophan hydroxylase-1; GOAT: ghrelin O-acyltransferase; GHSR: growth hormone secretagogue receptor; COMT: catechol-O-methyl-transferase; AC: adenylate cyclase; GC: glucocorticoid; GR: glucocorticoid receptor.