|
| Author (year) | Patient population | Number of patients (GC/NGC) | GC intervention | Outcomes | Results |
|
| Asao 2002 [16] | Elective laparoscopic colectomy for colorectal cancer | 19 (10/9) | Patients chewed gum three times a day from the first postoperative AM until the day they began oral intake. | ①②⑤⑦ | Gum chewing aids early recovery from postoperative ileus and is an inexpensive and physiologic method for stimulating bowel motility. |
| Atkinson 2016 [17] | Elective colorectal resection | 402 (199/203) | Patients chewed gum for at least 10 min, four times a day for 5 consecutive days (or until discharge, if less than 5 days) from the first postoperative morning. | ①③⑥⑦⑧⑩⑪ | Chewing gum did not alter the return of bowel function or LOS after colorectal resection. |
| Fernandez 2016 [18] | Elective colorectal surgery | 64 (32/32) | Chewing gum within the first 24 h after surgery, for 15 minutes every four hours throughout their hospital stay, with six resting hours at night. | ①⑤⑥⑦⑧ | The use of chewing gum after colorectal surgery was associated with less postoperative ileus and vomiting, and with an increased passage of flatus within the first 48 hours after surgery. |
| Forrester 2014 [19] | Open colon resection or a laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy | 31 (13/18) | Gum chewing began on the morning of the first postoperative day or after removal of the nasogastric tube, and the times of gum chewing corresponded with routine medication administration times. | ①③④⑦⑨ | Postoperative gum chewing was not more effective than standard postoperative care or attention-control intervention in reducing the duration of postoperative ileus symptoms, length of stay, or complications among patients following open laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy. |
| Heijkant 2015 [20] | Elective colorectal surgery | 120 (58/62) | Patients started chewing gum 3 h before and after surgery. The frequency and duration of gum chewing were not standardized. | ①②⑤⑦⑧⑫ | Gum chewing is a safe and simple treatment to reduce POI and is associated with a reduction in systemic inflammatory markers and complications. |
| Hirayama 2006 [21] | Elective open surgery for colorectal cancer | 24 (10/14) | Patients chewed gum three times daily for 30 minutes every time. | ①②⑥ | Gum-chewing provides a simple and effective method to improve the postoperative state of patients. |
| Hwang 2013 [22] | Laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery | 132 (65/67) | Patients started to chew gum on the first postoperative day, 3 times a day, approximately 10–20 minutes at a time, until normal feeding was resumed. | ①⑦ | Gum chewing is an easy and cost-effective method to reduce the length of the postoperative hospital stay for laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery. |
| Kobayashi 2015 [23] | Left-sided resection for colorectal cancer | 43 (21/22) | Patients chewed gum three times daily for ≥5 minutes (morning, noon, and evening) until the first day of regular oral dietary intake. | ①③⑦⑬ | Gum chewing changed the serum levels of des-acyl ghrelin and gastrin, but we were unable to demonstrate an effect on the recovery of bowel function. |
| Lim 2013 [24] | Colorectal resection | 157 (77/80) | Chewing gum for 15 minutes 4 times a day (8 AM, 12 PM,4 PM, and 8 PM). | ①③⑥⑦⑧ | Chewing gum is safe, but does not hasten the return of gastrointestinal function in patients who receive accelerated postoperative feeding. |
| Matros 2006 [25] | Elective partial colectomy for colorectal cancer | 43 (22/21) | Chewing gum for 45 minutes three times daily at 9 AM, 4 PM, and 8 PM. | ①③⑦ | Gum chewing, although safe, does not reduce duration of post colectomy ileus. |
| McCormick 2005 [26] | Elective colon resection | 88 (53/35) | Gum chewing 4 times a day for 15 min. | ①③⑦ | Chewing gum in the postoperative period may be an inexpensive intervention to facilitate recovery and decrease hospital cost. |
| Quah 2006 [27] | Open surgery for left-sided colorectal cancer | 38 (19/19) | The patients chewed gum for at least 5 min, three times daily from the first postoperative morning until the intake of a solid diet orally. | ①②⑦⑧⑭ | The addition of gum chewing to a standardized postoperative regimen did not reduce the period of postoperative ileus or shorten length of stay following open surgery for left-sided colorectal cancer. |
| Schuster 2006 [28] | Elective open sigmoid resections | 34 (17/17) | Chewing gum 3 times daily for 1 hour each time until discharge. | ①③⑦⑨ | Gum chewing speeds recovery after elective open sigmoid resection by stimulating bowel motility. |
| Shum 2016 [29] | Laparoscopic colorectal resection | 82 (41/41) | Chewing gum three times daily for 30 min each time from day 1 until discharge. | ①③⑦⑨ | Chewing gum is a simple intervention that speeds intestinal transit in patients managed with a recovery programme after laparoscopic colorectal resection |
| Topcu 2016 [30] | Planned open colorectal surgery | 60 (30/30) | Patients chewed gum three times a day after meals for a period of 15 min from the first morning after the operation until the time of their discharge. | ①②④⑦ | Chewing gum is a simple intervention for reducing postoperative ileus after colorectal surgery. |
| Yang 2017 [31] | Open or laparoscopic resection | 394 (197/197) | Chewing gum three times daily for at least 10 min, starting on postoperative day 1 and continuing for 5 consecutive days or until flatus. | ①③⑥⑦⑧ | Chewing gum does not appear to affect recovery of bowel function or hospital stay, though it may benefit patients who undergo open resection. |
| Zaghiyan 2013 [32] | Major colorectal surgery | 114 (54/60) | Chewing gum for 45 minutes, 3 times daily on postoperative days 1 to 7. | ①③⑥⑦ | There does not appear to be any benefit to sugared chewing gum in comparison with no gum in patients undergoing major colorectal surgery |
|
