Self-Expanding Metallic Stent Fracture in the Treatment of Malignant Biliary Obstruction

Table 4

Previous reports assessing metallic biliary stent fractures.

Authors (years)	Patients	Primary disease	Time to fracture	Number of stents	Type of stent	Treatment of stent fracture
Peck and Wattam [7]	/66; Female (); Male (); Age, 78.5 ± 5.6 years	Pancreatic carcinoma (); cholangiocarcinoma (); recurrent cholangitis ()	Median fracture times, 225 days	One stent in each patient	Nitinol stent	Reimplantation
Yoshida et al. [5]	82, male	Pancreatic carcinoma	5 months	One	Nitinol stent	Reimplantation
Sriram et al. [10]	63, female	Cholangiocarcinoma	6 months	One	Nitinol stent	Reimplantation
Yoshida et al. [6]	82, male	Cholangiocarcinoma	18 months	Two	Nitinol stent	Reimplantation
Rasmussen et al. [9]	/48; Female (); Male (); Age, 71.3 ± 13.8 years	Cancer of the papilla of Vater (); pancreatic ()	Median fracture times, 392 days	One stent in each patient	Nitinol stent	Reimplantation
Saravanan et al. [8]	50, male	Benign biliary anastomotic stricture	NA	One	Nitinol stent	The surgical intervention
Alkhiari et al. [11]	67, female	Recurrent cholangitis	NA	One	Nitinol stent	Remove the fractured stent by endoscopy

Biliary stent fractures occurred in 4/66 patients after biliary stent implantation.