Research Article
Are Downhill Varices an Overlooked Entity of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleedings?
Table 2
Reported reasons for downhill varices (summary).
| Superior vena cava syndrome: | (i) Thrombosis of the vena jugularis, truncus brachiocephalicus, and superior vena cava because of different reasons [16] | (ii) Fibrosing mediastinitis [13] | (iii) Venulitis, vasculo-Behcet’s syndrome [7] | (iv) Dialysis catheter, atrial catheter [11] | (v) Central venous catheter [17] | (vi) Cardiac pacemaker implantation/cardiac synchronization therapy defibrillator [6] | (vii) Port implantation | (viii) Tumors of the upper mediastinum [8]: | (a) Retrosternal, intrathoracic goiter | (b) Thymoma | (c) Morbus Hodgkin | (d) Lymphoma [15] | (e) Carcinoma of the thyroid | (f) Bronchial carcinoma [16] | (g) Metastases (breast cancer, bronchialcarcinoma) | (i) Surgical ligature of the superior vena cava | (ii) Castleman syndrome [12] | (iii) Pulmonary hypertension | (iv) Hypercontractile esophagus motility disorders |
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