Diagnosing Celiac Disease: Towards Wide-Scale Screening and Serology-Based Criteria?

Table 1

True prevalence of celiac disease based on screening studies and the proportion of clinically unrecognized patients.

Reference and year	Country	Diagnostic criteria	Prevalence (%)	Unrecognized (%)
Children
Mäki et al., 2003 [122]	Finland	Biopsy	1.1	75.9
Tommasini et al., 2004 [123]	Italy	Biopsy	1.1	94.5
Myléus et al., 2009 [2]	Sweden	Biopsy	2.9	69.3
Mustalahti et al., 2010 [124]	UK	Seropositivity^a or biopsy	0.9	94.4
Laass et al., 2015 [125]	Germany	Seropositivity^a	0.8	91.7
Adults
West et al., 2003 [126]	UK	Seropositivity^a	1.2	95.7
Lohi et al., 2007 [1]	Finland	Seropositivity^a	2.0	74.9
Mustalahti et al., 2010 [124]	Germany	Seropositivity^a or biopsy	0.3	93.3
Mustalahti et al., 2010 [124]	Italy	Seropositivity^a or biopsy	0.7	97.1
Rubio-Tapia et al., 2012 [127]	USA	Seropositivity^a	0.7	90.1
Fukunaga et al., 2018 [128]	Japan	Biopsy	0.1	100

^aPositive tissue transglutaminase and/or endomysial antibodies.