First author (year) Country Study design Survey methods Sample Outcomes and measurement Conclusions Barbosa (2020) [18 ] Brazil Prevalence study Data in a checklist were collected by direct observation Endoscopes ( Endoscope reprocessing procedures Failure in many different reprocessing steps: prewash, chemical, and mechanical cleaning, and the rinsing and drying of the endoscopes Ren-Pei (2014) [28 ] China Prevalence study The questionnaire was sent to 66 hospitals to investigate reprocessing procedures for endoscopes Endoscopes ( Endoscope channel tubing samples were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) The formation of endoscopic biofilm may be related to reuse of detergent, manual cleaning, and incomplete drying Barakat (2018) [22 ] America Prevalence study A total of 85 inspections were performed on all 68 endoscopes in our endoscopy unit Endoscopes ( Endoscope working channels were examined by the SteriCam Residual fluid in our study was most commonly noted with in the first 24 hours after reprocessing, some for up to 72 hours Ofstead (2018) [23 ] America Prevalence study Researchers conducted field surveys of fully reprocessed endoscopes. Data were collected during site visits Endoscopes ( Endoscopes were stored for 24-48 h before visual examinations; retained fluid was photographed with a camera and borescopes Inadequate reprocessing and drying contributed to retained fluid and contamination found in a multisite study Thaker (2018) [19 ] America Prevalence study A pilot inspection study using a prototype borescope was performed on routinely used endoscopes after HLD, manual forced-air dry of the instrument channel Endoscopes ( Video recordings were reviewed for visible moisture, debris, discoloration, scratches, channel shredding, and visible evidence of biofilm Manual forced-air drying of the channel appears to be highly effective in eliminating moisture compared with overnight hang drying alone Thaker (2018) [21 ] America Prevalence study The survey was sent electronically to providers who potentially performed or participated in ERCP in the United States Institutions ( Reprocessing techniques, barriers to ethylene oxide sterilization, microbial testing, reprocessing opinions Improved adherence to forced-air drying in duodenoscope reprocessing is needed
