The Underlying Mechanisms: How Hypothyroidism Affects the Formation of Common Bile Duct Stones—A Review

Table 1

Data of the studies published over the last ten years, reporting an association between hypothyroidism, or subclinical hypothyroidism, and CBD stones.

Author	Year	Journal	Study type	Patient population	Patient number	Gender	Age (years)	Main finding	Risk factors other than hypothyroidism contributing to development of CBD stones
Inkinen et al. [8]	2001	Hepato-gastroenterol	Retrospective	CBD stone patients, age and sex matched GB stone patients and controls	168	65% F	>60	Hypothyroidism: CBD 11%, GB 6%, controls 2%	Groups did not differ in any other diagnosed diseases
Laukkarinen et al. [4]	2007	J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.	Prospective, multicenter	Clinically euthyreotic CBD stone patients and nongallstone controls	445	61% F	median 67 (range 18–98)	Subclinical hypothyroidism (TSH > 6.0 mU/L): CBD 5.3%, control 1.4%.	Groups did not differ in any other diagnosed diseases
					161	F	>60	Subclinical hypothyroidism: CBD 11.4%, control 1.8%	Groups did not differ in any other diagnosed diseases
Laukkarinen et al. [5]	2010	Scand. J. Gastroenterol.	Medical registry-based cohort	Hypothyroid patients and age, sex, and area of residence adjusted glaucoma (control) patients	28.668	68% F	median 62 (range 18–88)	CBD stone treatments: hypothyroid cohort 0.23%, control cohort 0.16%.; After diagnosing hypothyroidism 56% more CBD stone treatments than after diagnosing glaucoma.	Patients with other diseases were excluded from the cohort to create a “purely” hypothyroid (or glaucoma) cohort of patients. Also no difference in any other medications between the groups.