Bile Duct Leaks from the Intrahepatic Biliary Tree: A Review of Its Etiology, Incidence, and Management

Table 1

Bile leaks following surgery for Hydatid cysts of liver.

Number	Author	N =	Bile leaks	Presentation	Management	Comments
(1)	Agarwal et al. [12]	86	14 (16%)	Bile cutaneous fistula 11; biloma 3	Spontaneous closure in 11; ERCP in 3	All leaks in conservative surgery group
(2)	Puliga et al. [13]	232	27 (11.6%)	—	—	25.2% leaks in conservative; 2.8% in radical
(3)	Unalp et al. [14]	183	24 (13.1%)	17 low output; 7 high output	17 spontaneous closure; 7 ERCP	All conservative surgery
(4)	Silva et al. [15]	30	7 (23.3%)	Bilio cutaneous fistula 7	Drainage alone	29 conservative; 1 radical
(5)	Skroubis et al. [18]	187	18 (10%)	3 bilomas; 1 bile peritonitis,; 14 biliary fistulas (1 bronchobiliary)	13 drainage alone; 5 ERCP (including broncho biliary)	All conservative surgery