Bile Duct Leaks from the Intrahepatic Biliary Tree: A Review of Its Etiology, Incidence, and Management

Table 2

Bile leaks after liver resection for benign and malignant tumors.

Number	Author	𝑁=	Diagnosis	Bile leak	Comments
(1)	Capussotti et al. [6]	610	Benign disease 53; Malignant 557	22 (3.6%)	Fibrin glue protective; more leaks for peripheral hepatic cholangiocarcinoma and resections involving segment 4
(2)	Yamashita et al. [7]	781	Benign 69; malignant 712	31 (4%) Benign 2.9%; malignant 4.1%	Major hepatectomy including segment 4 and caudate higher risk; intraop leak test beneficial
(3)	Tanaka et al. [8]	363	26 (7.2%)	All malignant	Higher leaks for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
(4)	Lo et al. [9]	347	Benign 62; malignant 285	28 (8.1%)	Higher leaks for left hepatectomy, left trisegmentectomy, older patients, and cholangiocarcinoma
(5)	Jarnagin et al. [25]	1803	Benign 161; malignant 1642	47 (2.6%)	Higher morbidity for complex resections and patient comorbidity
(6)	Imamura et al. [30]	825	Benign 31; malignant 794	77 (9.3%)	Higher leak for complex resections
(6)	Erdogan et al. [31]	205	Benign 70; malignant 135	13 (6.3%); benign 4.3%,; malignant 7.4%	Presence of comorbidity and complex resections associated with higher morbidity
(7)	Clarke et al. [32]	49	All benign	3 (6.1%)	Low incidence of leaks for benign lesions