Association between Semen Exposure and Incident Bacterial Vaginosis

Table 1

Results of cohort analyses of associations between selected factors and incident bacterial vaginosis among HIV-infected U.S. women, HERS, 1993–2000*.

	Control visits	Case visits	Bivariable model		Multivariable model^†
	No.	No.	OR	(95% CI)	aOR	(95% CI)
Time-independent factors
Study site
Site 1	749	138	Referent		Referent
Site 2	502	170	1.8	(1.3, 2.4)	1.3	(0.9, 1.8)
Site 3	410	173	2.4	(1.7, 3.2)	1.4	(1.0, 2.0)
Site 4	761	147	1.1	(0.8, 1.5)	1.1	(0.8, 1.6)
Age at baseline (in years)
16–24	43	16	2.2	(1.1, 4.3)	1.4	(0.7, 3.0)
25–34	664	217	2.2	(1.6, 3.0)	2.0	(1.4, 2.8)
35–44	1235	324	1.7	(1.3, 2.3)	1.6	(1.2, 2.1)
45+	480	71	Referent		Referent
Race
Black	1239	430	2.1	(1.6, 2.6)	1.7	(1.3, 2.3)
Other	1183	198	Referent		Referent
Education at baseline
<High school	906	289	1.8	(1.4, 2.4)	1.6	(1.2, 2.1)
High school	763	209	1.5	(1.2, 2.0)	1.5	(1.1, 1.9)
>High school	750	129	Referent		Referent
Time-dependent factors
Visit (0–10)			0.9	(0.9, 1.0)	1.0	(0.9, 1.0)
CD4+ group (cells/μL)
0–199	567	147	1.0	(0.8, 1.3)
200–499	1213	308	1.1	(0.9, 1.5)
≥500	598	166	Referent
Trichomoniasis at preceding visit
Yes	180	117	2.2	(1.7, 2.8)	1.8	(1.4, 2.4)
No	2240	510	Referent		Referent
Vaginal Candidal culture at preceding visit
Yes	804	247	1.2	(1.0, 1.4)
No	1612	377	Referent
Human papillomavirus at preceding visit
Yes	1468	432	1.3	(1.0, 1.5)	1.3	(1.0, 1.5)
No	934	188	Referent		Referent
Spermatozoa detected on Gram stain
Yes	139	70	1.7	(1.3, 2.4)	1.5	(1.1, 2.1)
No	2283	558	Referent		Referent
Sexual behavior during previous 6 months^‡
Frequent coitus, inconsistent condom use	331	127	2.0	(1.6, 2.7)	1.6	(1.2, 2.2)
Frequent coitus, consistent condom use	431	146	1.8	(1.4, 2.4)	1.6	(1.2, 2.1)
Infrequent coitus, inconsistent condom use	240	65	1.4	(1.0, 1.9)	1.2	(0.9, 1.7)
Infrequent coitus, consistent condom use	488	127	1.4	(1.1, 1.8)	1.3	(1.0, 1.7)
Not sexually active	920	162	Referent		Referent
Female sex partner during previous 6 months
Yes	86	25	1.1	(0.8, 1.7)
No	2320	601	Referent
Douching within previous 48 hours
Yes	72	24	1.0	(0.6, 1.6)
No	2340	602	Referent
Current hormonal contraception use
Yes	101	29	1.2	(0.8, 1.8)
No	2319	599	Referent
Current injection drug use
Yes	304	131	1.7	(1.4, 2.2)
No	2114	497	Referent
Crack use during previous 6 months
Yes	199	117	2.2	(1.6, 2.9)	1.9	(1.4, 2.6)
No	2219	511	Referent		Referent
Cigarette use during previous 6 months
Yes	1639	484	1.5	(1.2, 1.9)
No	779	144	Referent

HERS = HIV Epidemiology Research Study; OR: odds ratio; aOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
*Findings from unconditional logistic regression model, using generalized estimating equations, based on 628 case visits (i.e., visits with incident bacterial vaginosis) and 2422 control visits (i.e., visits without incident bacterial vaginosis) completed by 799 participants.
^†Adjusted for all variables in column.
^‡Frequent coitus defined as ≥4 times per month and infrequent coitus defined as <4 times per month.