Research Article

Significant Associations between Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Pregnant Women

Table 4

Risk factors for N. gonorrhoeae infection.

FactorUnadjusted analysis
Odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals
Full adjusted analysis
Odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals
Backstep analysis
Odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals

Age0.89 (0.81-0.96, )0.84 (0.72-0.95, )0.89 (0.80-0.98, )
Being employed0.99 (0.27-2.93, )1.58 (0.30-7.22, )
Married yes0.97 (0.15-3.62, )2.09 (0.16-21.64, )
Having an HIV-positive partner1.02 (0.26-4.18, )1.80 (0.38-9.51, )1.79 (0.41-8.78, )
Not knowing partner’s HIV status4.75 (1.38-18.74, )6.72 (1.44-37.95, )5.73(1.35-28.71, )
Cohabiting with partner0.49 (0.13-1.42, )1.33 (0.23-6.68, )
Age of 1st sex, 15-20 yrs0.46 (0.08-8.81, )1.05 (0.11-28.79, )
Age of 1st sex, 21+ yrs0.31 (0.04-6.64, )1.80 (0.09-70.09, )
Having 2-4 lifetime number of sex partners1.73 (0.50-7.94, )1.65 (0.37-9.34, )
Having >4 lifetime sex partners1.69 (0.36-8.78, )1.65 (0.23-12.77, )
Partner does not have other partners0.24 (0.01-1.37, )0.11 (0.00-1.13, )0.14 (0.01-1.07, )
Partner has other partners2.37 (0.82-6.96, )3.67 (0.95-15.58, )3.91 (1.13-14.65, )
Used a condom during last0.43 (0.10-1.36, )0.47 (0.08-1.97, )
Having a partner who is circumcised2.14 (0.67-9.46, )1.29 (0.28-7.77, )
Trimester pregnancy 2nd0.29 (0.06-1.56, )0.15 (0.02-1.12, )0.16 (0.03-1.03, )
Trimester pregnancy 3rd0.35 (0.10-1.66, )0.14 (0.02-0.90, )0.13 (0.02-0.76, )
Having been previously treated for STIs0.89 (0.27-2.50, )2.33 (0.55-9.84, )
Engages in intravaginal practices2.35 (0.35-9.16, )5.10 (0.61-32.40, )5.83 (0.76-31.51, )
Perceived one’s self at risk for STIs1.44 (0.51-4.66, )1.29 (0.33-5.74, )
Being C. trachomatis positive6.52 (2.22-18.49, )7.95 (1.90-36.62, )6.09 (1.73-22.03, )