Kinetic Spectrophotometric Determination of Certain Cephalosporins in Pharmaceutical Formulations

Omar, Mahmoud A.; Abdelmageed, Osama H.; Attia, Tamer Z.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/596379

International Journal of Analytical Chemistry

On this page

Abstract Introduction Experimental Results and Discussion Conclusion References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2009 | Article ID 596379 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/596379

Kinetic Spectrophotometric Determination of Certain Cephalosporins in Pharmaceutical Formulations

Mahmoud A. Omar,¹Osama H. Abdelmageed,¹and Tamer Z. Attia¹

Academic Editor: Manuel P. Soriaga

Received04 Aug 2008

Accepted16 Mar 2009

Published21 Jun 2009

Abstract

A simple, reliable, and sensitive kinetic spectrophotometric method was developed for determination of eight cephalosporin antibiotics, namely, Cefotaxime sodium, Cephapirin sodium, Cephradine dihydrate, Cephalexin monohydrate, Ceftazidime pentahydrate, Cefazoline sodium, Ceftriaxone sodium, and Cefuroxime sodium. The method depends on oxidation of each of studied drugs with alkaline potassium permanganate. The reaction is followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the rate of change of absorbance at 610 nm. The initial rate and fixed time (at 3 minutes) methods are utilized for construction of calibration graphs to determine the concentration of the studied drugs. The calibration graphs are linear in the concentration ranges 5–15 g and 5–25 g using the initial rate and fixed time methods, respectively. The results are validated statistically and checked through recovery studies. The method has been successfully applied for the determination of the studied cephalosporins in commercial dosage forms. Statistical comparisons of the results with the reference methods show the excellent agreement and indicate no significant difference in accuracy and precision.

1. Introduction

Cephalosporins consist of a fused -lactam-3-dihydrothiazine two-ring system, known as 7-aminocephalosporanic acids (7-ACAs) and vary in their side chain substituents at C3 (R2) and C7 (acylamido, R1). The chemical structure of the studied cephalosporins in this work is shown in Table 1. They are used for treatment of infection caused by both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria [1, 2]. A wide variety of analytical methods have been reported for determination of cephalosporins in pure form, in pharmaceutical preparations, and in biological fluids. These methods include spectrophotometry [2–5], atomic absorption spectrophotometry [6], fluorometry [7–12], liquid chromatography [13–20], Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography [21, 22], chemiluminescence [23–28], potentiometric [29, 30], and polarographic [31–34] methods. Kinetic spectrophotometric methods became of great interest in chemical and pharmaceutical analyses [35]. The literature is still poor in analytical procedure based on kinetics, especially for determination of drug in commercial dosage forms. We aimed to improve on the current methods by employing the kinetic colorimetric oxidation of cephalosporins to increase selectivity, avoid interference of colored and/or turbidity background of samples and consequently determination of low concentration of the cited drugs as possible.

2. Experimental

2.1. Apparatus

Spectronic Genesys 2PC. Ultraviolet/Visible spectrophotometer (Milton Roy Co, USA) with matched 1 cm quartz cell was used for all measurements connected to IBM computer loaded with winspec application software.

2.2. Materials and Reagents

All the materials were of analytical reagent grade, and the solutions were prepared with double-distilled water. Samples of cephalosporin were generously supplied by their respective manufacturers and were used without further purification.

(i)Cephalexin monohydrate, Ceftazedime pentahydrate, and Cefuroxime sodium (Galaxowelcome Egypt, S.A.E, El Salam City, Cairo, Egypt). (ii)Cephapirin sodium, Cefazoline sodium (Bristol Myers- Squib Pharmaceutical Co., Cairo, Egypt).(iii)Cefotaxime sodium, cephradine, and Ceftriaxone sodium (EIPICO, Tenth of Ramadan City, Cairo, Egypt).

The purity of authentic samples was checked by UV assay methods and was not less than .

(i)Potassium permanganate (Merck, Germany); Molar solution was prepared by dissolving 100 mg in 100 mL of double-distilled water followed by boiling and filtration through sintered glass.

Potassium permanganate solution should be freshly prepared and its molarity was checked titrimetrically.

(i)Sodium hydroxide (El Nasr chemical co., Abuo Zabbel, Egypt); 0.75 M prepared by dissolving 3 g in 100 mL of double-distilled water.(ii)Methanol (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany).

2.3. Pharmaceutical Formulations

The following available commercial preparations were analyzed.

Ceporex tablets and vials, Fortam vials and Zinnat vials (Galoxowelcome Egypt, S.A.E, El Salam City, Cairo, Egypt), labeled to contain 250 mg cephalexin monohydrate per tablet and 500 mg cephalexin sodium equivalent to 500 mg cephalexin monohydrate per vial, 250 mg ceftazidime pentahydrate per vial, and 250 mg cefuroxime sodium per vial, respectively. Cefatrexyl vials, Totacef vials and Velosef tablets and suspensions (Bristol Myers-Squibb Pharmaceutical Co., Cairo, Egypt), labeled to contain 500 mg cephapirin sodium per vial, 500 mg cefazoline sodium per vial, and 500 mg cephradine per tablet and suspensions, respectively. Cefotax vials (EIPICO. Tenth of Ramadan City, Cairo, Egypt), labeled to contain 250 mg cefotaxime sodium per vial. Ceftriaxone vials (Novartis Pharma S.A.E, Cairo, Egypt), labeled to contain 500 mg ceftriaxone sodium per vial.

2.4. Preparation of Standard Solution

Stock solution containing 1 mg mL^-1 of each cephalosporins was prepared in double-distilled water, working standard solutions containing 100 g mL^-1 were prepared by suitable dilution of the stock solutions with double-distilled water.

2.5. Recommended Procedure for Cephalosporins Determination

2.5.1. Initial Rate Method

Aliquots of 50–150 g mL^-1 of studied cephalosporins test solutions were pipetted into a series of 10 mL volumetric flask. 1.2 mL of sodium hydroxide solution (0.75 M) was added followed by 3.0 mL of potassium permanganate solution ( M) to each flask and then diluted to the volume with double-distilled water at C. The content of mixture of each flask was mixed well and the increase in absorbance at 610 nm was recorded as a function of time for 15 minutes against reagent blank treated similarly. The initial rate of the reaction at different concentrations was obtained from the slope of the tangent to absorbance time curves. The calibration graphs were constructed by plotting the logarithm of the initial rate of the reaction versus logarithm of molar concentration of the studied drugs ().

2.5.2. Fixed Time Method

In this method, the absorbance of each sample solution at preselected fixed time (3 minutes) was accurately measured and plotted against the final concentration of the drug.

2.6. Determination of the Studied Drugs in Pharmaceutical Formulations

2.6.1. Procedure for Tablets

An accurately weighed amount equivalent to 100.0 mg of each drug from composite of 20 powdered tablets was transferred into a 100 mL volumetric flask. Dissolved in about 20 mL methanol, swirled, and sonicated for 10 minutes, the resultant mixture was filtered into round bottom flask for removal of any pharmaceutically “inert” ingredients (cellulose, disaccharides) that could be subject to oxidation by permanganate. The residue was washed thoroughly with about 5 mL methanol and the combined filtrate as well as washing solutions was subjected to evaporation under vacuum till dryness. The residue lifted was dissolved in about 20 mL distilled water and filtered into 100 mL volumetric flask. The filter paper was washed thoroughly with double distilled water, and then the combined filtrate as well as washing solutions was mixed well and completed to volume with the same solvent to obtain solution of 1.0 mg m. The final solution was diluted quantitatively with the same solvent to obtain working standard solution of 100.0 , then the general procedure was followed.

2.6.2. Procedure for Capsules and Suspension

The contents of 20 capsules were evacuated and well mixed. Then an accurately weighed amount equivalent to 100.0 mg evacuated capsules or dry powder suspension of each drug was transferred into a 100 mL beaker, and then the procedure was continued as described under tablets.

2.6.3. Procedure for Vials

A 100.0 mg quantity of each vial was transferred into a 100 mL volumetric flask, dissolved, and completed to the mark with double-distilled water to obtain solution of 1.0 mg mL^-1. Further dilutions with double-distilled water were made to obtain sample solutions (100.0 g mL^-1), then the general procedure was followed.

3. Results and Discussion

Potassium permanganate as strong oxidizing agent has been used in oxidimetric analytical method for determination of many compounds [36–39]. During the course of the reaction, the valence of manganese changes. The heptavalent manganese ion changes to the green color (Mn VI), while in neutral and acidic medium, the permanganate is further reduced to colorless (Mn II). The behavior of permanganate was the basis for its uses in development of spectrophotometric method. The absorption spectrum of aqueous potassium permanganate solution in alkaline medium exhibited an absorption band at 530 nm. The additions of any of the studied drugs to this solution produce a new characteristic band at 610 nm (Figure 1). This band is due to formation of manganate ion, which resulted from the oxidation of cephalosporin by potassium permanganate in alkaline medium. The intensity of the color increases with time; therefore a kinetically based method was developed for determination of cephalosporins in their pharmaceutical dosage formulations. The different variables that affect the formation of manganate ion were studied and optimized.

3.1. Effect of Potassium Permanganate Concentration

The absorbance increases substantially with increasing the concentration of potassium permanganate (Figure 2). Maximum absorbance was obtained when 2.5 mL of M of potassium permanganate was used. Thus, the adoption of 3 mL of potassium permanganate in the final solution proved to be adequate for the maximum concentration of cephalosporin used in determination process (the concentration of the final assay was M).

3.2. Effect of Sodium Hydroxide Concentration

Maximum absorption was obtained when 1 mL of 0.75 M NaOH was used. Over this volume no change in absorbance could be detected. So 1.2 mL of 0.75 M of NaOH was used as an optimum value (Figure 3).

3.3. Effect of Temperature

At room temperature the reaction rate increases substantially with time, although heating the solution was found to increase the rate of the reaction however but MnO₂ was precipitated, therefore room temperature was selected as the optimum temperature.

3.4. Stoichiometry and Reaction Mechanism

The stoichiometric ratio between potassium permanganate and each of investigated cephalosporins was determined by Job’s method [40, 41] and was found to be (Figure 4). Cephalosporins were found to be susceptible for oxidation with alkaline potassium permanganate producing a green color peaking at 610 nm. Therefore, the reaction mechanism is proposed on the basis of the literature background (39) and our experimental study as shown in Scheme 1.

The opening of the -lactam ring by the hydroxyl ion proceeds via intermediate and result in the formation of cephalosporoic acid and the intermediate formation is the rate limiting step.

3.5. Kinetic of the Reaction

Under the optimum conditions, the absorbance time curves of investigated cephalosporins with potassium permanganate reagent were constructed (Figures 5, 6 for cefotaxime as a representative example). The initial rate of the reaction was determined from the slope of tangents of the absorption time curves. The order of the reaction with respect to permanganate was determined by studying the reaction at different concentrations of permanganate with fixed concentration of investigated cephalosporins. The plot of initial rate () against initial absorbance was linear passing through origin indicating that the initial order of the reaction with respect to permanganate was 1. The order with respect to investigated cephalosporins was evaluated by measuring the rate of the reaction at several concentrations of cephalosporins at a fixed concentration of permanganate reagent. This was done by plotting the logarithm of initial rate of the reaction versus logarithm of molar concentration of investigated cephalosporins and was found to be 1. However under the optimized experimental conditions, the concentrations of cephalosporins were determined using relative excess amount of potassium permanganate and sodium hydroxide solutions. Therefore pseudo-zero-order conditions were obtained with respect to their concentrations.

3.6. Quantitation Methods

3.6.1. Initial Rate Method

The initial rate of the reaction would follow pseudo-first-order and were found to obey the following equation:

where is the reaction rate, is the absorbance, is the measuring time, is the pseudo-first-order rate constant, is the molar concentration of cephalosporins, and is the order of the reaction. The logarithmic form of the above equation is written as follows:

Regression analysis using the method of least square was performed to evaluate the slopes, intercepts, and correlation coefficient.

The analytical parameters and results of regression analysis are given in Table 2. The value of in the regression equation confirmed that the reaction of cephalosporins with the potassium permanganate was pseudo-first-order with respect to cephalosporins concentration. The limits of detection (LOD) were calculated and results obtained confirmed good sensitivity of the proposed method and consequently their capabilities to determine low amount of cephalosporins.

3.6.2. Fixed Time Method

In this method, the absorbance of the reaction solution containing varying amount of cephalosporins was measured at preselected fixed time. Calibration plots of absorbance versus the concentration of cephalosporins at fixed time were established for each investigated cephalosporins. The regression equation, correlation coefficients, and detection limits are given in Table 3. The lowest detection limit was obtained at fixed time of 15 minutes. However the fixed time of 3 minutes showed a wider concentration range for quantification.

According to international conference of harmonization (ICH) guideline for validation of analytical procedures [42], the detection limit is not required to be part of validation procedure for assay. Therefore on the basis of wider concentration range and less time of analysis, the fixed time of 3 minutes was recommended for determination.

3.7. Validation of the Proposed Method

Concentration range [42] is established by confirming that the analytical procedure provides a suitable degree of precision, accuracy, and linearity when applied to the sample containing amount of analyte within or at the extreme of the specified range of the analytical procedure [43, 44]. In this work, concentrations ranging from M to M were studied for the investigated drugs in the initial rate method and concentration ranging from 5 to 25 g m were studied for the investigated drugs in the fixed time method (at preselected fixed time of 3 minutes). The whole set of experiments were carried out through this range to ensure the validation of the proposed procedure. Linear calibration graphs were obtained for all the studied drugs by plotting the logarithm of initial rate of the reaction versus logarithm of molar concentration of analyte in the sample (in initial rate method) within the specified range (Figure 7):

or by plotting the absorbance of the studied drugs versus the drug concentration (in fixed time method) within the specified range (Figure 8).

Linearity was studied for both initial rate and fixed time method indicated by the values of correlation coefficient and determination coefficient for both method (Tables 2 and 3).

Accuracy [44] was checked at three concentration levels within the specified range, six replicate measurements were recorded at each concentration levels. The results were recorded as percentage recovery standard deviation (Tables 4 and 5).

Precision [44] was checked at three concentration levels, eight replicate measurements were recorded at each concentration level. The results are summarized in (Table 6). The calculated relative standard deviation were all below 2.2% indicating excellent precision of the proposed procedure at both level of repeatability and intermediate precision.

Specificity and interference the proposed procedure was performed in visible region away from the UV-absorption region of investigated drugs (228–300 nm), and the interference by reducing sugars in tablets was eliminated by extraction with methanol prior to analysis. However interference was observed from L-arginine formulated with cephradine in velosef vial. Therefore, the proposed procedure could not be used for analysis of cephradine in presence of L-arginine, except after separation by a suitable separation technique.

Limit of detection (LOD) [42] was calculated based on standard deviation of response and the slope of calibration curve [43]. The limit of detection was expressed as [44]

where is the standard deviation of intercept. is the slope of calibration curve.

The results were summarized in (Tables 2 and 3) indicating good sensitivity of the proposed method. According to USP XXV validation guidelines [44], the calculated LOD values should be further validated by laboratory experiments. In our work, good results were obtained where the calculated drug concentration by LOD equations were actually detected in these experiments.

Limit of quantitation (LOQ) was calculated based on standard deviation of intercept and slope of calibration curve. In this method, the limit o quantitation is expressed as [44]

The results were summarized in (Tables 2 and 3) indicating good sensitivity of the proposed method. According to USP XXV validation guidelines [45], the calculated LOQ values should be further validated by laboratory experiments. In our work, good results were obtained where the calculated drug concentration by LOQ equations were actually quantitated in these experiments.

3.8. Application to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

The initial rate and fixed time methods of the proposed kinetic spectrophotometric method for determination of investigated cephalosporins have been tested on commercial pharmaceutical dosage forms. The concentration of investigated cephalosporins was computed from its responding regression equations. The results of proposed method (initial rate and fixed time) were statistically compared with those of reported methods [3–5], in respect to accuracy and precision. The obtained mean recovery values were 99.2–100.67 0.6226–1.69% (Table 7), which ensures that there is no interference of other additives present in the studied formulations.

In the t- and -tests, no significant differences were found between the calculated and theoretical values of both the proposed and the reported methods at 95% confidence level. This indicates good precision and accuracy in the analysis of investigated cephalosporins in pharmaceutical dosage forms.

4. Conclusion

The initial rate and fixed time methods can be easily applied for determination of investigated cephalosporins in pure and dosage forms that do not require elaborate treatment and tedious extraction of chromophore produced. The proposed method (initial rate or fixed time) is sensitive enough to enable determination of lower amounts of drug, these advantages encourage the application of proposed method in routine quality control of investigated cephalosporins in industrial laboratories. Finally our method provides advantages of improving selectivity, avoiding interference of colored and/or turbidity background of samples because it measures the increase in absorbencies with time against blank treated similarly.

References

W. A. Remers and J. N. Delgado, Eds., Wilson and Gisvold's Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, W. A. Remers and J. N. Delgado, Eds., Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 10th edition, 1998.
J. G. Hardman, L. E. Limbird, and A. G. Oilman, Goodman & Gilman's the Pharmacological Basic of Therapeutics, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA, 10th edition, 2001.
G. A. Saleh, H. F. Askal, I. A. Darwish, and A.-N. A. El-Shorbagi, “Spectroscopic analytical study for the charge-transfer complexation of certain cephalosporins with chloranilic acid,” Analytical Sciences, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 281–287, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. M. Ayad, A. A. Shalaby, H. E. Abdellatef, and H. M. Elsaid, “Spectrophotometric and atomic absorption spectrometric determination of certain cephalosporins,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 975–983, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. A. Saleh, H. F. Askal, M. F. Radwan, and M. A. Omar, “Use of charge-transfer complexation in the spectrophotometric analysis of certain cephalosporins,” Talanta, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 1205–1215, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. A. Patel, N. M. Patel, and M. M. Patel, “Spectrophotometric methods for the estimation of cephalexin in tablet dosage forms,” Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 278–280, 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Salem and H. Askal, “Colourimetric and AAS determination of cephalosporins using Reineck's salt,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 29, no. 1-2, pp. 347–354, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Hefnawy, Y. El-Shabrawy, and F. Belal, “Spectrofluorometric determination of alpha-aminocephalosporins in biological fluids and pharmaceutical preparations,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 703–707, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Gutiérez Navarro, A. El Bekkouri, and E. Rodríguez Reinoso, “Spectrofluorimetric study of the degradation of $α$ -amino $β$ -lactam antibiotics catalysed by metal ions in methanol,” Analyst, vol. 123, no. 11, pp. 2263–2266, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. A. Aly, M. M. Hefnawy, and F. Belal, “A selective spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of some $α$ -aminocephalosporins in formulations and biological fluids,” Analytical Letters, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 117–130, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
A. F. M. El Walily, A. Abdel-Kader Gazy, F. Belal, and E. F. Khamis, “Selective spectrofluorimetric determination of phenolic $β$ -lactam antibiotics through the formation of their coumarin derivatives,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 643–653, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. I. Bebawy, K. El Kelani, and L. Abdel Fattah, “Fluorimetric determination of some antibiotics in raw material and dosage forms through ternary complex formation with terbium ( ${Tb}^{3 +}$ ),” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1219–1225, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. Ma, J. Yang, X. Wu, F. Huang, and L. Sun, “A selective fluorimetric method for the determination of some $β$ -lactamic antibiotics,” Analytical Letters, vol. 33, no. 13, pp. 2689–2699, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Shalaby, “Simple HPLC method for the analysis of some pharmaceuticals,” Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies, vol. 21, no. 20, pp. 3161–3171, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. F. Samanidou, A. S. Ioannou, and I. N. Papadoyannis, “The use of a monolithic column to improve the simultaneous determination of four cephalosporin antibiotics in pharmaceuticals and body fluids by HPLC after solid phase extraction—a comparison with a conventional reversed-phase silica-based column,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 809, no. 1, pp. 175–182, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Ö. Can, G. Altiokka, and H. Y. Aboul-Enein, “Determination of cefuroxime axetil in tablets and biological fluids using liquid chromatography and flow injection analysis,” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 576, no. 2, pp. 246–252, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Becker, E. Zittlau, and M. Petz, “Residue analysis of 15 penicillins and cephalosporins in bovine muscle, kidney and milk by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 520, no. 1-2, pp. 19–32, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. de Diego Glaría, G. G. Moscciati, and R. G. Ramos, “Determination of ceftriaxone in cerebrospinal fluid by ion-pair liquid chromatography,” Journal of AOAC International, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 436–439, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
I. Baranowska, P. Markowski, and J. Baranowski, “Simultaneous determination of 11 drugs belonging to four different groups in human urine samples by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method,” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 570, no. 1, pp. 46–58, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Al-Rawithi, R. Hussein, D. A. Raines, I. AlShowaier, and W. Kurdi, “Sensitive assay for the determination of cefazolin or ceftriaxone in plasma utilizing LC,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 281–286, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. V. Oliveira, A. C. De Pietro, and Q. B. Cass, “Quantification of cephalexin as residue levels in bovine milk by high-performance liquid chromatography with on-line sample cleanup,” Talanta, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 1233–1238, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y.-M. Li, Y. Zhu, D. Vanderghinste, A. Van Schepdael, E. Roets, and J. Hoogmartens, “Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography for the separation of cefalexin and its related substances,” Electrophoresis, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 127–131, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H.-H. Yeh, Y.-H. Yang, Y.-W. Chou, J.-Y. Ko, C.-A. Chou, and S.-H. Chen, “Determination of ceftazidime in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with direct sample injection,” Electrophoresis, vol. 26, no. 4-5, pp. 927–934, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. A. Aly, N. A. Alarfaffj, and A. A. Alwarthan, “Permanganate-based chemiluminescence analysis of cefadroxil monohydrate in pharmaceutical samples and biological fluids using flow injection,” Talanta, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 471–478, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Sun, Y. Tang, H. Yao, and X. Zheng, “Potassium permanganate-glyoxal chemiluminescence system for flow injection analysis of cephalosporin antibiotics: cefalexin, cefadroxil, and cefazolin sodium in pharmaceutical preparations,” Talanta, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 156–159, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Thongpoon, B. Liawruangrath, S. Liawruangrath, R. A. Wheatley, and A. Townshend, “Flow injection chemiluminescence determination of cephalosporins in pharmaceutical preparations using tris (2, $2^{'}$ -bipyridyl) ruthenium (II)-potassium permanganate system,” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 553, no. 1-2, pp. 123–133, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Li and J. Lu, “Chemiluminescence flow-injection analysis of $β$ -lactam antibiotics using the luminol-permanganate reaction,” Luminescence, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 251–255, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Thongpoon, B. Liawruangrath, S. Liawruangrath, R. A. Wheatley, and A. Townshend, “Flow injection chemiluminescence determination of cefadroxil using potassium permanganate and formaldehyde system,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 277–282, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. A. Alarfaj and S. A. Abd El-Razeq, “Flow-injection chemiluminescent determination of cefprozil using tris (2, $2^{'}$ -bipyridyl) ruthenium (II)-permanganate system,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 1423–1427, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. F. Jones, J. E. Page, and C. T. Rhodes, “The polarography of cephalosporin C derivatives,” The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, vol. 20, p. 455, 1968.
View at: Google Scholar
A. M. M. Ali, “Polarographic determination of cephradine in aqueous and biological media,” Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 201–204, 1994.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. V. S. Reddy and S. J. Reddy, “Estimation of cephalosporin antibiotics by differential pulse polarography,” Talanta, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 627–631, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. A. Abdel Gaber, M. A. Ghandour, and H. S. El-Said, “Polarographic studies of some metal(II) complexes with cephalosporins selected from the first generation,” Analytical Letters, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1245–1260, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Hilali, J. C. Jiménez, M. Callejón, M. A. Bello, and A. Guiraúm, “Electrochemical reduction of cefminox at the mercury electrode and its voltammetric determination in urine,” Talanta, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 137–146, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. R. Crouch, T. F. Cullen, A. Scheeline, and E. S. Kirkor, “Kinetic determinations and some kinetic aspects of analytical chemistry,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 70, no. 12, pp. 53–106, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. M. Hassan and F. Belal, “Kinetic spectrophotometric determination of nizatidine and ranitidine in pharmaceutical preparations,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 27, no. 1-2, pp. 31–38, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Rahman, N. A. Khan, and S. N. H. Azmi, “Kinetic spectrophotometric method for the determination of silymarin in pharmaceutical formulations using potassium permanganate as oxidant,” Pharmazie, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 112–116, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
N. Rahman, Y. Ahmad, and S. N. H. Azmi, “Kinetic spectrophotometric method for the determination of norfloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations,” European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 359–367, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. A. Darwish, “Kinetic spectrophotometric methods for determination of trimetazidine dihydrochloride,” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 551, no. 1-2, pp. 222–231, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
P. Job, Advanced Physicochemical Experiments, Oliner and Boyd, Edinburgh, UK, 2nd edition, 1964.
P. Job, Annales de Chimie, vol. 6, p. 97, 1936.
International Conference on Harmonization, “ICH harmonized tripartite guideline-text on validation of analytical procedures,” Federal Register, vol. 60, p. 11260, 1995.
View at: Google Scholar
“Q2A: text on validation of analytical procedure,” in Proceedings of International Conference on Harmonization (ICH '94), Geneva, Switzerland, 1994.
View at: Google Scholar
“Q2B: validation of analytical procedure, methodology,” in Proceedings of International Conference on Harmonization (ICH '96), Geneva, Switzerland, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
The United States Pharmacopoeia XXV and NF XX, American Pharmaceutical Association, Washington, DC, USA, 2002.

Copyright

Copyright © 2009 Mahmoud A. Omar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

3701

Downloads

1978

Citations