A New Sensitive Sensor for Simultaneous Differential Pulse Voltammetric Determination of Codeine and Acetaminophen Using a Hydroquinone Derivative and Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Carbon Paste Electrode

Table 1

Comparison of the efficiency of different modified electrodes for the determination of codeine.

Electrode name	Detection method	Modifier	Linear range (M)	Detection limit (M)	Sensitivity (µA µM^−1)	Real sample	Reference
SWCNT/CCE^a	DPV^h	SWCNT	0.2–230.0	0.11	0.1959	Pharmaceutical samples, soft drinks, and urine	[10]
BBDE^b	Amperometry	—	26.72–133.63	0.45	1.79	Pharmaceutical samples	[11]
GR-NF/GCE^c	SWV^i		0.05–30.0	0.015	16.20	Pharmaceutical samples and urine	[13]
DNA/MWCNT-PDDA/PGE^d	DPV		0.17–133.6	0.14	2.6508	Drug formulations, urine, and plasma	[14]
BDDFE^e	DPV	—	0.1–60.0	0.08	0.155	Human urine	[15]
PB/Pd-Al E^f	DPV	PB	2.0–30.0	0.8	0.078	Synthetic sample	[16]
HTP-MWCNT-CPE^g	DPV	HTP	0.2–34.1; 34.1–844.7	0.063	0.0288; 0.009	Pharmaceutical formulations, urine, and plasma	This work

SWCNT/CCE: single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) carbon-ceramic electrode; ^bBBDE: bare boron-doped diamond electrode; ^cGR-NF: graphene-nafion film glassy carbon electrode; ^dDNA/MWCNT-PDDA/PGE: DNA/multiwalled carbon nanotubes-poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)/pencil graphite electrode; ^eBDDF electrode: boron-doped diamond film electrode; ^fPB/Pd-Al E: prussian blue (PB) film modified-palladized aluminum electrode; ^g4-hydroxy-2-(triphenylphosphonio)phenolate (HTP)-multiwall carbon nanotubes carbon paste electrode; ^hDPV: differential pulse voltammetry; ⁱSWV; square wave voltammetry.