Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction for the Analysis of Veterinary Drugs Applied to Food Samples: A Review

Table 4

Carbon-based nanomaterials applied to dispersive techniques in the analysis of veterinary drugs in different matrices.

Analyte	Matrix	Silica-based functionalized	Eluent	Mode	Technique	Limit of detection	Recovery	Reference
AT, RT, and MT	Chicken muscle	MWCNT	5% formic acid in ACN	r-DSPE	UHPLC-MS/MS	0.15–0.20 μg kg^−1	96.8–104.6%	[38]
QNs	Water	O-MWCNT prepared by a slight modification	Acetone-MeOH	DSPE	CE-DAD	28.0–94.0 ng L^−1	62.3–116%	[24]
RAL	Ground dried feed	MWCNT	Ethyl acetate	DSPE	UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS	0.20–0.29 μg kg^−1	95.3–107.2%	[37]
SAs	Mineral water	MWCNT/magnetic-MWCNT (Magnetic nanoparticles synthesized by means of a solvothermal process, assembled onto CNTs through an “aggregation wrap” mechanism)	MeOH	DSPE	UHPLC-DAD	32.0 ng L^−1	61.0–110.0% MWCNT; 22.0–77.0% Magnetic- MWCNT	[39]
SAs	Pork	MWCNT	ACN/ammonium acetate	DSPE	UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS	112.0–129.0 μg kg^−1	89.2–117.9%	[22]
SDZ	Milk and honey	Graphene oxide was synthesized using the modified Hummers method and functionalized with iron oxide nanoparticles via coprecipitation	MeOH/acetic acid	DMSPE	OAMTLS	0.34 μg L^−1	95.3–98.3%	[58]

ACN: acetonitrile; AT: amantadine; CE: capillary electrophoresis; CNTs: carbon nanotubes; DAD: diode-array detection; DMSPE: dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction; DSPE: dispersive solid-phase extraction; EDTA: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; ESI-MS/MS: electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry; Mg(NO₃)₂: magnesium nitrate; MS: mass spectrometry; MT: memantine; MWCNT: multiwalled carbon nanotubes; OAMTLS: optimized angled mode-mismatched thermal lens spectrometer; O-MWCNT: oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes; QNs: quinolones; RAL: resorcylic acid lactones; r-DSPE: reversed-dispersive solid phase extraction; RT: rimantadine; SAs: sulfonamides; SDZ: sulfadiazine; TCs: tetracyclines; UHPLC: ultra-high performance liquid chromatography; UV: ultraviolet detection.